Table 2.
Energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intake of the participants before each intervention (24-h food recall).
| Parameters | Mean ± SD | p 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RT | TS | TSOO | Control | ||
| Energy (Kcal) | 1789 ± 72 | 1936 ± 101 | 1865 ± 77 | 1891 ± 200 | 0.299 |
| Protein (g) | 98.0 ± 5.3 | 103.0 ± 5.8 | 105.0 ± 5.3 | 95.0 ± 16.8 | 0.438 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 194 ± 11 | 215 ± 14 | 199 ± 12 | 200 ± 47 | 0.397 |
| Dietary fiber (g) | 8.93 ± 0.97 | 9.33 ± 0.87 | 7.77 ± 0.95 | 10.6 ± 3.56 | 0.652 |
| Total fat (g) | 66.2 ± 4.0 | 71.2 ± 5.4 | 70.0 ± 4.1 | 64.2 ± 11.5 | 0.508 |
| SFA (g) | 27.7 ± 1.8 | 28.0 ± 2.3 | 27.3 ± 1.7 | 26.8 ± 5.4 | 0.619 |
| MUFA (g) | 22.4 ± 1.6 | 25.0 ± 2.1 | 24.8 ± 1.6 | 24.7 ± 5.2 | 0.265 |
| PUFA (g) | 10.1 ± 0.9 | 11.4 ± 1.2 | 11.6 ± 1.0 | 11.8 ± 1.7 | 0.431 |
| Trans fatty acids (g) | 1.51 ± 0.27 | 1.4 ± 0.23 | 2.3 ± 0.48 | 1.3 ± 0.79 | 0.383 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 384 ± 32 | 351 ± 30 | 382 ± 30 | 328 ± 88 | 0.770 |
| Vitamins | |||||
| Pro-vitamin A (RE) | 36.8 ± 5.7 | 32.0 ± 4.3 | 36.3 ± 7.3 | 44.2 ± 8.9 | 0.412 |
| Vitamin A (RE) | 448 ± 33 | 428 ± 41 | 434 ± 48 | 493 ± 93 | 0.803 |
| Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.83 ± 0.11 | 2.14 ± 0.17 | 2.00 ± 0.14 | 2.18 ± 0.60 | 0.136 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) | 2.06 ± 0.11 | 2.06 ± 0.14 | 2.10 ± 0.10 | 2.13 ± 0.40 | 0.482 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) | 20.6 ± 1.4 | 25.1 ± 1.5 | 23.9 ± 1.4 | 21.2 ± 6.1 | 0.148 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 1.31 ± 0.13 | 1.42 ± 0.15 | 1.39 ± 0.12 | 1.37 ± 0.28 | 0.440 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 5.54 ± 0.64 | 5.5 ± 0.68 | 6.44 ± 0.86 | 4.62 ± 2.28 | 0.590 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 8.30 ± 1.40 | 7.41 ± 1.66 | 8.81 ± 1.33 | 9.65 ± 2.14 | 0.455 |
| Vitamin E (μg) | 6.65 ± 0.65 | 6.30 ± 0.92 | 6.60 ± 0.59 | 6.50 ± 0.83 | 0.968 |
| Minerals | |||||
| Folate (μg) | 350 ± 28 | 377 ± 43 | 358 ± 30 | 404 ± 141 | 0.730 |
| Calcium (mg) | 1040 ± 72 | 893 ± 84 | 957 ± 57 | 837 ± 238 | 0.759 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 211 ± 13 | 252 ± 37 | 208 ± 10 | 209 ± 72 | 0.467 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1494 ± 75 | 1440 ± 95 | 1494 ± 63 | 1370 ± 261 | 0.960 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1729 ± 101 | 1829 ± 106 | 1860 ± 96 | 1876 ± 283 | 0.385 |
| Selenium (μg) | 129 ± 8 | 138 ± 9 | 139 ± 9 | 128 ± 37 | 0.559 |
| Sodium (mg) | 2564 ± 207 | 2737 ± 269 | 2505 ± 199 | 2540 ± 1140 | 0.912 |
| Zinc (mg) | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 11.4 ± 0.8 | 12.0 ± 0.8 | 11.1 ± 2.3 | 0.739 |
| Total polyphenols (mg) | 27.2 ± 3.1 | 26.4 ± 3.7 | 26.1 ± 5.1 | 24.0 ± 7.7 | 0.766 |
Values are means ± SD. RT, raw tomatoes; TS, olive oil free tomato sauce; TSOO, refined olive oil tomato sauce; SFA, saturated fatty acid; RE, retinol equivalent. SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid. 1 Data analyzed by one factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures.