Table 3.
Changes in blood pressure and biochemical parameters at baseline and six hours after the four interventions.
| RT | TS | TSOO | Control | p 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | |||
| SBP (mm Hg) | Before | 120 ± 13 | −5.67 (−8.90 to −2.43) | 117 ± 13 | −1.95 (−5.38 to 1.47) | 120 ± 12 | −5.57 (−8.49 to −2.64) | 118 ± 9 | −3.44 (−6.63 to −0.25) | 0.135 |
| After | 115 ± 11 ** | 115 ± 10 | 115 ± 12 ** | 115 ± 9 ** | ||||||
| DBP (mm Hg) | Before | 72.0 ± 9.5 | −2.21 (−4.51 to 0.10) | 73.0 ± 7.8 | −1.46 (−3.65 to 0.73) | 73.0 ± 8.1 | −2.92 (−5.18 to −0.66) | 71.0 ± 6.8 | −1.98 (−3.63 to −0.34) | 0.689 |
| After | 70.0 ± 9.3 | 72.0 ± 9.6 | 70.0 ± 9.0 * | 69.0 ± 8.0 ** | ||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | Before | 167 ± 28 | −6.53 (−9.99 to −3.07) a | 170 ± 29 | −8.49 (−12.0 to −4.96) a | 167 ± 23 | −9.03 (−13.5 to −4.55) a | 168 ± 16 | −1.57 (−6.69 to 3.55) b | 0.005 |
| After | 160 ± 28 ** | 162 ± 26 ** | 158 ± 22 ** | 167 ± 13 | ||||||
| HDLc (mg/dL) | Before | 52.0 ± 11.2 | 0.42 (−1.28 to 2.12) | 52.0 ± 11.8 | 1.09 (−2.45 to 4.63) | 52.0 ± 11.3 | 2.36 (0.19 to 4.54) | 50.0 ± 12.7 | −0.03 (−4.19 to 4.14) | 0.404 |
| After | 53.0 ± 11.1 | 53.0 ± 12.4 | 55.0 ± 13.3 * | 50.0 ± 11.9 | ||||||
| LDLc (mg/dL) | Before | 95.0 ± 19.6 | −2.88 (−6.30 to 0.53) | 96.0 ± 22.6 | −4.31 (−7.80 to −0.83) | 95.0 ± 20.5 | −2.00 (−5.41 to 1.41) | 95.0 ± 13.9 | −0.37 (−3.48 to 2.74) | 0.184 |
| After | 92.0 ± 19.0 | 92.0 ± 18.2 * | 93.0 ± 18.9 | 95.0 ± 11.8 | ||||||
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | Before | 84.0 ± 54.7 | −22.6 (−34.5 to −10.7) a,b | 86.0 ± 42.0 | −28.4 (−41.6 to −15.2) a | 83.0 ± 36.5 | −15.3 (−22.4 to −8.12) b | 86.0 ± 23.8 | −2.73 (−13.1 to 7.67) c | 0.002 |
| After | 62.0 ± 34.8 ** | 57.0 ± 22.7 ** | 68.0 ± 31.7 ** | 83.0 ± 31.6 | ||||||
| Ratio Total-c/HDL | Before | 3.30 ± 0.90 | −0.17 (−0.31 to −0.02) a | 3.40 ± 0.90 | −0.24 (−0.46 to −0.02) a | 3.30 ± 0.90 | −0.28 (−0.49 to −0.07) a | 3.60 ± 0.90 | −0.04 (−0.34 to 0.26) b | 0.034 |
| After | 3.20 ± 0.90 * | 3.20 ± 0.80 * | 3.10 ± 0.90 ** | 3.50 ± 0.90 | ||||||
| Folic acid (serum) | Before | 6.50 ± 3.00 | 1.91 (1.31 to 2.51) a | 6.00 ± 2.10 | 1.86 (1.26 to 2.46) a | 6.10 ± 2.30 | 1.94 (1.51 to 2.37) a | 6.50 ± 2.00 | 0.18 (−0.36 to 0.71) b | <0.001 |
| (ng/mL) | After | 8.40 ± 2.80 ** | 7.90 ± 2.70 ** | 8.00 ± 2.00 ** | 6.70 ± 2.30 | |||||
Results expressed as 1 mean ± SD and 2 mean differences (95% CI) between after and before each intervention. 3 p value of the ANOVA for repeated-measures from the differences between interventions. Different superscript letters in a row show significant difference between interventions by Bonferroni post-hoc test (p < 0.05). * Significant differences (p < 0.05) and ** significant differences (p < 0.01) between time in the intervention, measured by the Student’s t test for paired samples. RT, Raw tomato; TS, olive oil free tomato sauce; TSOO, refined olive oil enriched tomato sauce; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Total-c, total cholesterol.