Table 4.
Expression of adhesion molecules on PBMC at baseline and 6 hours after the four interventions.
| RT | TS | TSOO | Control | p 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI)2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | |||
| T-lymphocytes (MFI) | AU | |||||||||
| LFA-1 | Before | 143 ± 58 | 4.40 (−6.80 to 15.5) a | 146 ± 59 | 1.60 (−7.70 to 10.8) a | 144 ± 50 | −9.60 (−17.0 to −2.20) b | 141 ± 22 | 9.70 (2.70 to 16.60) c | 0.010 |
| After | 147 ± 60 | 148 ± 54 | 135 ± 43* | 150 ± 27 * | ||||||
| Mac-1 | Before | 141 ± 59 | −0.20 (−16.8 to 16.3) | 144 ± 51 | −6.40 (−21.9 to 9.10) | 143 ± 69 | −4.80 (−24.4 to 14.8) | 147 ± 73 | 0.30 (−30.2 to 30.7) | 0.814 |
| After | 141 ± 55 | 137 ± 37 | 138 ± 45 | 147 ± 23 | ||||||
| VLA-4 | Before | 60.0 ± 15.8 | 1.10 (−2.70 to 4.90) | 60.0 ± 11.4 | 2.20 (−1.20 to 5.50) | 62.0 ± 14.9 | 1.90 (−1.40 to 5.20) | 58.0 ± 14.9 | 1.70 (−14.1 to 17.6) | 0.983 |
| After | 61.0± 18.3 | 62.0 ± 10.3 | 63.0 ± 14.7 | 60.0 ± 38.2 | ||||||
| SLex | Before | 234 ± 104 | −2.50 (−24.4 to 19.4) | 237 ± 109 | −6.80 (−36.2 to 22.6) | 237 ± 137 | −1.70 (−41.3 to 37.8) | 242 ± 30.9 | −0.90 (−17.4 to 15.7) | 0.925 |
| After | 231 ± 113 | 231 ± 108 | 235 ± 109 | 241 ± 14.6 | ||||||
| CD40 | Before | 138 ± 36 | 7.00 (−10.1 to 24.0) | 139 ± 42 | 5.20 (−8.60 to 19.0) | 138 ± 36 | 1.10 (−12.5 to 14.8) | 141 ± 22 | 3.70 (−1.50 to 8.80) | 0.879 |
| After | 145 ± 47 | 144 ± 36 | 139 ± 44 | 144 ± 19 | ||||||
| Monocytes (MFI) | AU | |||||||||
| LFA-1 | Before | 83.0 ± 27.5 | 2.20 (−6.30 to 10.7) | 80.0 ± 21.2 | 3.50 (−1.60 to 8.60) | 82.0 ± 15.6 | 2.10 (−2.80 to 6.90) | 83.0 ± 8.00 | 2.90 (−1.10 to 7.00) | 0.561 |
| After | 85.0 ± 26.2 | 84.0 ± 16.5 | 84.0 ± 20.1 | 86.0 ± 14.1 | ||||||
| Mac-1 | Before | 57.0 ± 11.0 | 0.50 (−2.90 to 3.80) | 57.0 ± 10.7 | 0.60 (−3.20 to 4.30) | 58.0 ± 11.7 | −0.20 (−3.20 to 2.80) | 58.0 ± 12.0 | 0.50 (−5.70 to 6.60) | 0.343 |
| After | 57.0 ± 12.3 | 57.0 ± 11.9 | 57.0 ± 10.2 | 58.0 ± 21.1 | ||||||
| VLA-4 | Before | 45.0 ± 12.9 | 1.00 (−2.30 to 4.20) a,b | 43.0 ± 7.90 | 2.20 (−0.30 to 4.80) a | 44.0 ± 9.40 | −0.90 (−3.00 to 1.30) b | 40.0 ± 29.3 | 3.00 (−9.70 to 15.7) a | 0.030 |
| After | 46.0 ± 13.4 | 46.0 ± 8.20 | 43.0 ± 9.70 | 43.0 ± 9.20 | ||||||
| SLex | Before | 84.0 ± 27.1 | −0.70 (−6.10 to 4.70) a | 84.0 ± 18.3 | 3.70 (−0.90 to 8.30) b | 87.0 ± 25.6 | 0.10 (−6.30 to 6.60) a | 85.0 ± 12.7 | 0.50 (−2.70 to 3.70) a | 0.007 |
| After | 84.0 ± 24.9 | 87.0 ± 19.0 | 87.0 ± 21.6 | 86.0 ± 8.60 | ||||||
| CD40 | Before | 51.0 ± 16.3 | −1.80 (−5.70 to 2.10) a | 47.0 ± 11.6 | 2.70 (−0.70 to 6.00) b | 48.0 ± 11.7 | −0.90 (−5.50 to 3.70) a | 49.0 ± 13.6 | 0.30 (−2.90 to 3.40) a | 0.001 |
| After | 49.0 ± 17.3 | 50.0 ± 13.0 | 47.0 ± 15.2 | 49.0 ± 8.80 | ||||||
| CD36 | Before | 52.0 ± 10.6 | 0.40 (−3.60 to 4.50) a | 51.0 ± 13.2 | −0.30 (−4.50 to 3.80) a | 54.0 ± 20.2 | −6.20 (−13.2 to −0.01) b | 51.0 ± 24.9 | −0.10 (−22.7 to 22.4) a | 0.042 |
| After | 53.0 ± 12.3 | 51.0 ± 10.0 | 47.0 ± 18.0 * | 51.0 ± 25.6 | ||||||
| CCR2 | Before | 435 ± 108 | −8.30 (−61.2 to 44.7) | 437 ± 149 | −10.6 (−53.0 to 31.7) | 439 ± 138 | −12.0 (−47.0 to 23.0) | 440 ± 295 | −13.9 (−171 to 143) | 0.998 |
| After | 427 ± 141 | 427 ± 164 | 427 ± 115 | 426 ± 524 | ||||||
Results expressed as 1 mean ± SD and 2 mean differences (95% CI) between after and before each intervention. 3 p value of the repeated-measures ANOVA from the differences between interventions. Different superscript letters in a row show significant difference between interventions by Bonferroni post-hoc test (p < 0.05). * Significant differences (p < 0.05) between time in the intervention, measured by the Student’s t test for paired samples. PBMC, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; RT, Raw tomato; TS, olive oil free tomato sauce; TSOO, refined olive oil enriched tomato sauce. Results were expressed as median fluorescent intensity (MFI), in arbitrary units (AU). VLA-4, very late activation antigen-4; LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1; Mac-1, chemoattractant activation-dependent molecule; SLex, anti-Sialyl-Lewis X.