Table 5.
Concentrations of circulating inflammatory biomarkers in plasma at baseline and 6 hours after the three interventions.
| RT | TS | TSOO | Control | p 3 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI)2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | Mean ± SD 1 | Mean Differences (95% CI) 2 | |||
| IL-1α (pg/mL) | Before | 0.79 ± 0.46 | −0.02 (−0.13 to 0.08) | 0.76 ± 0.43 | −0.08 (−0.18 to 0.03) | 0.74 ± 0.38 | −0.04 (−0.14 to 0.05) | 0.79 ± 0.41 | −0.05 (−0.27 to 0.18) | 0.856 |
| After | 0.76 ± 0.45 | 0.69 ± 0.32 | 0.69 ± 0.36 | 0.75 ± 0.25 | ||||||
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | Before | 6.28 ± 2.45 | −0.30 (−0.92 to 0.32) a,b | 6.35 ± 2.81 | −0.55 (−1.31 to 0.22) a,b | 6.47 ± 3.16 | −1.09 (−1.84 to −0.34) a | 7.09 ± 1.31 | 0.76 (−0.11 to 1.63) b | 0.029 |
| After | 5.99 ± 2.49 | 5.81 ± 2.83 | 5.38 ± 2.60 ** | 6.33 ± 2.28 | ||||||
| IL-10 (pg/mL) | Before | 2.29 ± 0.60 | 0.20 (0.07 to 0.32) a | 2.18 ± 0.53 | 0.18 (0.07 to 0.28) a | 2.25 ± 0.54 | 0.15 (0.02 to 0.28) a | 2.33 ± 0.57 | −0.21 (−0.39 to −0.23) b | 0.014 |
| After | 2.49 ± 0.61 * | 2.36 ± 0.62 ** | 2.40 ± 0.56 ** | 2.12 ± 0.49 * | ||||||
| IL-18 (pg/mL) | Before | 120 ± 49 | −3.92 (−13.4 to 5.61) | 124 ± 45 | −9.42 (−15.9 to −2.90) | 129 ± 61 | −12.7 (−22.4 to −3.08) | 116 ± 37 | 3.42 (−8.91 to 15.7) | 0.456 |
| After | 116 ± 49 | 115 ± 47 ** | 116 ± 55* | 120 ± 29 | ||||||
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | Before | 32.2 ± 19.1 | −6.12 (−9.71 to −2.53) a | 32.0 ± 17.6 | −5.27 (−9.37 to −1.17) a | 32.7 ± 18.7 | −6.82 (−10.0 to −3.60) a | 30.0 ± 8.8 | 3.20 (0.77 to 5.73) b | 0.001 |
| After | 26.1 ± 14.7 ** | 26.8 ± 16.0 ** | 25.9 ± 13.6 ** | 33.3 ± 6.5 | ||||||
| ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | Before | 202 ± 88 | 9.60 (−5.85 to 25.0) | 207 ± 89 | 4.52 (−13.1 to 22.1) | 204 ± 81 | −9.51 (−20.3 to 1.35) | 212 ± 52.6 | 0.41 (−10.3 to 11.1) | 0.244 |
| After | 212 ± 92 | 211 ± 100 | 194 ± 100 | 212 ± 53.6 | ||||||
| VCAM-1(ng/mL) | Before | 367 ± 144 | −17.8 (−45.5 to 9.98) a | 354 ± 125 | −14.4 (−47.1 to 18.1) a | 375 ± 135 | −38.8 (−71.3 to −6.47) b | 380 ± 89 | 2.62 (−42.1 to 47.4) a | 0.042 |
| After | 349 ± 115 | 339 ± 136 | 336 ± 118 * | 382 ± 133 | ||||||
Results expressed as 1 mean ± SD and 2 mean differences (95% CI) between after and before each intervention. 3 p value of the repeated-measures ANOVA from the differences between interventions. Different superscript letters in a row show significant difference between interventions by Bonferroni post-hoc test (p < 0.05). * Significant differences (p < 0.05) and ** significant differences (p < 0.01) between time in the intervention, measured by the Student’s t test for paired samples. RT, Raw tomato; TS, olive oil free tomato sauce; TSOO, refined olive oil enriched tomato sauce; MCP-1, Monocyte chemotactic protein-1; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion Molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1.