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. 2016 Mar 18;8(3):173. doi: 10.3390/nu8030173

Table 2.

Characteristics of the included human studies.

Intervention Type Name of Pro/Prebiotic Strains Study Type Pro/Prebiotic Type and Dose (Per Day) Duration of Intervention Outcomes Parameter without Change Reference
Probiotics L. acidophilus L1, Human Fermented milk 200 mL/day 4 weeks Decreased total cholesterol Anderson et al., 1999 [78]
Probiotics B. longum BL1 Human/Rats Fermented milk 100 mL/3 ×day 4 weeks Decreased total cholesterol, LDL-C and TG HDL-C Xiao et al., 2003 [79]
Probiotics L. acidophilus LA-1 Human Freeze-dried Two tablet/day (3 × 103 CFU/tab) 6 weeks Total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG Lewis et al., 2005 [73]
Probiotics L. fermentum Human Freeze-dried Two tablet/2 × day (2 × 109 CFU/tab) 10 weeks Total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG liver enzymes Simons et al., 2006 [80]
Probiotics L. casei subsp. casei. Human Yogurt 100 g/day and 200 g/day 6 weeks Decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C
Increased HDL-C		 Fabian et al., 2006 [81]
Probiotics L. rhamnosus LC705,
Propionibacterium freudenreichiissp shermaniistrain JS		 Human Two tablet/day (2 × 1010 CFU/tab) 4 weeks Total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, TG Hatakka et al., 2008 [82]
Probiotics L. acidophilus La5,
B. lactis Bb12		 Human Yogurt 300 g/day (2 × 106 CFU/g) 6 weeks Decreased total cholesterol and LDL-C HDL-C, TG Ejtahed et al., 2011 [22]
Probiotics L. acidophilus La5,
B. lactis Bb12		 Human Yogurt containing 300 g/day (2 × 106 CFU/g) 6 weeks Decreased fasting blood glucose levels and HbA1c, Increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase activities and total antioxidantstatus Insulin concentration Ejtahed et al., 2012 [68]
Probiotics L. acidophilus,
L. casei,
L. rhamnosus,
L. bulgaricus,
B. breve,
B. longum,
S. thermophiles 		Human Freeze-dried One tablet/day (14 × 109 CFU/tab) 8 weeks Decreased serum hs-CRP
Increased plasma total GSH Prevention of a rise in fasting plasma glucose		 Asemi et al., 2013 [67]
Probiotics
Prebiotics		 L. casei,
L. acidophilus,
L. rhamnosus,
L. bulgaricus,
B. breve,
B. longum,
S. thermophiles,
Fructooligosaccharid-e 		Human One tablet/day 500 mg/tab 8 weeks Positive effects on systolic blood pressure Total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C TG, TG/LDL and LDL/HDL ratios Mahboobi et al., 2014 [71]
Prebiotics Inulin Human Rice-based ready-to-eat cereal (18%) 4 weeks Decreased total cholesterol and TG
Increased breath H2 excretion and fecal lactic acid		 Brighenti et al., 1995 [83]
Prebiotics Inulin Human One pint of vanilla ice cream (20 g/pint) 3 weeks Decreased total cholesterol and TG Causey et al., 2004 [84]

Abbreviations: Bifidobacterium (B), lactobacillus (L), streptococcus (S), colony forming units (CFU), tab (tablet), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG).