Table 1.
Study population demographics restricted sample, n = 12,821.
| Variable, n (%) unless Specified | City n = 2563 | Borough n = 3797 | Township n = 6461 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community-Specific NDVI Tertile | Community-Specific NDVI Tertile | Community-Specific NDVI Tertile | |||||
| 1, n = 927 | 2–3, n = 1636 | 1, n = 1253 | 2–3, n = 2544 | 1, n = 2249 | 2–3, n = 4212 | ||
| NDVI, mean (SD) | 0.39 (0.04) | 0.50 (0.05) | 0.44 (0.04) | 0.57 (0.05) | 0.48 (0.05) | 0.62 (0.05) | |
| NDVI, tertile 1 for all community types | 927 (100) | 889 (54.3) | 1253 (100) | 10 (< 1) | 1195 (53.1) | 0 | |
| NDVI, tertiles 2–3 for all community types | 0 | 747 (45.7) | 0 | 2534 (100) | 1054 (46.9) | 4212 (100) | |
| Maternal characteristics | |||||||
| Age, median (IQR) | 28.3 (24.0–32.3) | 28.6 (24.4–32.8) | 26.9 (23.2–30.8) | 26.8 (22.8–31.0) | 25.1 (21.7–30.0) | 25.6 (21.8–30.1) | |
| Nulliparous | 438 (47.2) | 752 (46) | 587 (46.8) | 1141 (44.9) | 1148 (51.0) | 2024 (48.1) | |
| Multiparous | 489 (52.8) | 884 (54) | 666 (53.2) | 1403 (55.1) | 1101 (49.0) | 2188 (51.9) | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| White | 640 (69.0) | 1231 (75.2) | 1149 (91.7) | 2359 (92.7) | 2126 (94.5) | 4037 (95.8) | |
| Black | 160 (17.3) | 215 (13.1) | 54 (4.3) | 98 (3.9) | 49 (2.2) | 72 (1.7) | |
| Hispanic | 106 (11.4) | 171 (10.5) | 41 (3.3) | 65 (2.6) | 42 (1.9) | 53 (1.3) | |
| Other | 21 (2.3) | 19 (1.2) | 9 (0.7) | 22 (0.9) | 32 (1.4) | 50 (1.2) | |
| Ever smoker | 148 (16.0) | 333 (20.4) | 280 (22.4) | 587 (23.1) | 501 (22.3) | 901 (21.4) | |
| No receipt of medical assistance | 356 (38.4) | 690 (42.2) | 645 (51.5) | 1338 (52.6) | 1435 (63.8) | 2815 (66.8) | |
| Receipt of medical assistance | 571 (61.6) | 946 (57.8) | 608 (48.5) | 1206 (47.4) | 814 (36.2) | 1397 (33.2) | |
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2 | |||||||
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 386 (41.6) | 740 (45.2) | 523 (41.7) | 1127 (44.3) | 897 (39.9) | 1715 (40.7) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 247 (26.6) | 360 (22.0) | 328 (26.2) | 634 (24.9) | 616 (27.4) | 1185 (28.1) | |
| Obese (≥30.0) | 275 (29.7) | 495 (30.3) | 375 (30.0) | 728 (28.6) | 694 (30.9) | 1225 (29.1) | |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 19 (2.0) | 41 (2.5) | 27 (2.2) | 55 (2.2) | 42 (1.9) | 87 (2.7) | |
| No antibiotic orders during pregnancy | 644 (69.5) | 1195 (73.0) | 925 (73.8) | 1945 (76.5) | 1700 (75.6) | 3299 (78.3) | |
| ≥1 antibiotic orders during pregnancy | 283 (30.5) | 441 (27.0) | 328 (26.2) | 599 (23.5) | 549 (24.4) | 913 (21.7) | |
| Non-primary care patient | 593 (64.0) | 1012 (61.9) | 652 (52.0) | 1289 (50.7) | 1057 (47.0) | 1973 (46.8) | |
| Primary care patient | 334 (36.0) | 624 (38.1) | 601 (48.0) | 1255 (49.3) | 1192 (53.0) | 2239 (53.2) | |
| Community socioeconomic deprivation, median (IQR) | 4.4 (2.5–6.6) | 4.1 (2.2–6.5) | 0.6 (−1.0–2.5) | 0.6 (−1.1–2.6) | −1.4 (−2.5–0) | −1.6 (−2.8–0) | |
| Walkability z-score, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.1–3.3) | 1.8 (0.5–3.1) | 0.8 (−0.1–1.9) | 0.7 (−0.2–1.8) | −1.2 (−1.9–−0.5) | −1.2 (−2.4–−0.9) | |
| Distance to nearest major road (m), median (IQR) | 278 (137–535) | 309 (141–610) | 411 (167–1034) | 498 (175–1173) | 1784 (611–5017) | 2444 (735–6121) | |
| Drilled unconventional natural gas wells within 20 km of home, mean (SD) | 5 (21) | 8 (26) | 21 (89) | 22 (86) | 43 (131) | 38 (118) | |
| Swine operation exposure (animal units per km2 surrounding home), median (IQR) | 5.9 (5.6–21.3) | 6.3 (5.6–21) | 10.8 (5.6–34.1) | 11.2 (5.7–35.0) | 16.6 (6.6–32.8) | 16.3 (6.3–31.9) | |
| Infant characteristics | |||||||
| Female | 450 (48.5) | 817 (49.9) | 617 (49.2) | 1236 (48.6) | 1099 (48.9) | 2036 (48.3) | |
| Male | 477 (51.5) | 819 (50.1) | 636 (50.8) | 1308 (51.4) | 1150 (51.1) | 2176 (51.7) | |
| Year of birth | |||||||
| 2006–2007 | 209 (22.5) | 343 (21.0) | 262 (20.9) | 686 (27.0) | 410 (18.2) | 1349 (32.0) | |
| 2008–2010 | 403 (43.5) | 708 (43.3) | 601 (48.0) | 1092 (42.9) | 1215 (54.0) | 1867 (44.3) | |
| 2011–2013 | 315 (34.0) | 585 (35.8) | 390 (31.1) | 766 (30.1) | 624 (27.7) | 996 (23.6) | |
| Season of birth | |||||||
| Winter (December–February) | 277 (29.9) | 366 (22.4) | 341 (27.2) | 683 (26.8) | 520 (23.1) | 1040 (24.7) | |
| Spring (March–May) | 49 (5.3) | 589 (36.0) | 78 (6.2) | 851 (33.5) | 124 (5.5) | 1509 (35.8) | |
| Summer (June–August) | 237 (25.6) | 420 (25.7) | 318 (25.4) | 654 (25.7) | 555 (24.7) | 1120 (26.7) | |
| Fall (September–November) | 364 (39.3) | 261 (16.0) | 516 (41.1) | 356 (14.0) | 1050 (46.7) | 543 (12.9) | |
| Term birth weight, median (IQR) | 3293 (2993–3606) | 3312 (3028–3637) | 3345 (3060–3666) | 3370 (3072–3668) | 3390 (3090–3697) | 3391 (3090–3698) | |
| Small for gestational age birth | 126 (13.6) | 180 (11.0) | 109 (8.7) | 237 (9.3) | 210 (9.3) | 352 (8.4) | |
| Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age) | 127 (13.7) | 195 (11.9) | 117 (9.3) | 297 (11.7) | 248 (11.1) | 465 (11.0) | |
| 5 min Apgar score <7 | 17 1.8) | 41 (2.5) | 26 (2.1) | 39 (1.5) | 42 (1.9) | 88 (2.1) | |