|
1, n = 927 |
2–3, n = 1636 |
1, n = 1253 |
2–3, n = 2544 |
1, n = 2249 |
2–3, n = 4212 |
NDVI, mean (SD) |
0.39 (0.04) |
0.50 (0.05) |
0.44 (0.04) |
0.57 (0.05) |
0.48 (0.05) |
0.62 (0.05) |
NDVI, tertile 1 for all community types |
927 (100) |
889 (54.3) |
1253 (100) |
10 (< 1) |
1195 (53.1) |
0 |
NDVI, tertiles 2–3 for all community types |
0 |
747 (45.7) |
0 |
2534 (100) |
1054 (46.9) |
4212 (100) |
Maternal characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Age, median (IQR) |
28.3 (24.0–32.3) |
28.6 (24.4–32.8) |
26.9 (23.2–30.8) |
26.8 (22.8–31.0) |
25.1 (21.7–30.0) |
25.6 (21.8–30.1) |
Nulliparous |
438 (47.2) |
752 (46) |
587 (46.8) |
1141 (44.9) |
1148 (51.0) |
2024 (48.1) |
Multiparous |
489 (52.8) |
884 (54) |
666 (53.2) |
1403 (55.1) |
1101 (49.0) |
2188 (51.9) |
Race/ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
White |
640 (69.0) |
1231 (75.2) |
1149 (91.7) |
2359 (92.7) |
2126 (94.5) |
4037 (95.8) |
Black |
160 (17.3) |
215 (13.1) |
54 (4.3) |
98 (3.9) |
49 (2.2) |
72 (1.7) |
Hispanic |
106 (11.4) |
171 (10.5) |
41 (3.3) |
65 (2.6) |
42 (1.9) |
53 (1.3) |
Other |
21 (2.3) |
19 (1.2) |
9 (0.7) |
22 (0.9) |
32 (1.4) |
50 (1.2) |
Ever smoker |
148 (16.0) |
333 (20.4) |
280 (22.4) |
587 (23.1) |
501 (22.3) |
901 (21.4) |
No receipt of medical assistance |
356 (38.4) |
690 (42.2) |
645 (51.5) |
1338 (52.6) |
1435 (63.8) |
2815 (66.8) |
Receipt of medical assistance |
571 (61.6) |
946 (57.8) |
608 (48.5) |
1206 (47.4) |
814 (36.2) |
1397 (33.2) |
Pre-pregnancy body mass index, kg/m2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal (18.5–24.9) |
386 (41.6) |
740 (45.2) |
523 (41.7) |
1127 (44.3) |
897 (39.9) |
1715 (40.7) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9) |
247 (26.6) |
360 (22.0) |
328 (26.2) |
634 (24.9) |
616 (27.4) |
1185 (28.1) |
Obese (≥30.0) |
275 (29.7) |
495 (30.3) |
375 (30.0) |
728 (28.6) |
694 (30.9) |
1225 (29.1) |
Underweight (<18.5) |
19 (2.0) |
41 (2.5) |
27 (2.2) |
55 (2.2) |
42 (1.9) |
87 (2.7) |
No antibiotic orders during pregnancy |
644 (69.5) |
1195 (73.0) |
925 (73.8) |
1945 (76.5) |
1700 (75.6) |
3299 (78.3) |
≥1 antibiotic orders during pregnancy |
283 (30.5) |
441 (27.0) |
328 (26.2) |
599 (23.5) |
549 (24.4) |
913 (21.7) |
Non-primary care patient |
593 (64.0) |
1012 (61.9) |
652 (52.0) |
1289 (50.7) |
1057 (47.0) |
1973 (46.8) |
Primary care patient |
334 (36.0) |
624 (38.1) |
601 (48.0) |
1255 (49.3) |
1192 (53.0) |
2239 (53.2) |
Community socioeconomic deprivation, median (IQR) |
4.4 (2.5–6.6) |
4.1 (2.2–6.5) |
0.6 (−1.0–2.5) |
0.6 (−1.1–2.6) |
−1.4 (−2.5–0) |
−1.6 (−2.8–0) |
Walkability z-score, median (IQR) |
2.0 (1.1–3.3) |
1.8 (0.5–3.1) |
0.8 (−0.1–1.9) |
0.7 (−0.2–1.8) |
−1.2 (−1.9–−0.5) |
−1.2 (−2.4–−0.9) |
Distance to nearest major road (m), median (IQR) |
278 (137–535) |
309 (141–610) |
411 (167–1034) |
498 (175–1173) |
1784 (611–5017) |
2444 (735–6121) |
Drilled unconventional natural gas wells within 20 km of home, mean (SD) |
5 (21) |
8 (26) |
21 (89) |
22 (86) |
43 (131) |
38 (118) |
Swine operation exposure (animal units per km2 surrounding home), median (IQR) |
5.9 (5.6–21.3) |
6.3 (5.6–21) |
10.8 (5.6–34.1) |
11.2 (5.7–35.0) |
16.6 (6.6–32.8) |
16.3 (6.3–31.9) |
Infant characteristics |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Female |
450 (48.5) |
817 (49.9) |
617 (49.2) |
1236 (48.6) |
1099 (48.9) |
2036 (48.3) |
Male |
477 (51.5) |
819 (50.1) |
636 (50.8) |
1308 (51.4) |
1150 (51.1) |
2176 (51.7) |
Year of birth |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2006–2007 |
209 (22.5) |
343 (21.0) |
262 (20.9) |
686 (27.0) |
410 (18.2) |
1349 (32.0) |
2008–2010 |
403 (43.5) |
708 (43.3) |
601 (48.0) |
1092 (42.9) |
1215 (54.0) |
1867 (44.3) |
2011–2013 |
315 (34.0) |
585 (35.8) |
390 (31.1) |
766 (30.1) |
624 (27.7) |
996 (23.6) |
Season of birth |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Winter (December–February) |
277 (29.9) |
366 (22.4) |
341 (27.2) |
683 (26.8) |
520 (23.1) |
1040 (24.7) |
Spring (March–May) |
49 (5.3) |
589 (36.0) |
78 (6.2) |
851 (33.5) |
124 (5.5) |
1509 (35.8) |
Summer (June–August) |
237 (25.6) |
420 (25.7) |
318 (25.4) |
654 (25.7) |
555 (24.7) |
1120 (26.7) |
Fall (September–November) |
364 (39.3) |
261 (16.0) |
516 (41.1) |
356 (14.0) |
1050 (46.7) |
543 (12.9) |
Term birth weight, median (IQR) |
3293 (2993–3606) |
3312 (3028–3637) |
3345 (3060–3666) |
3370 (3072–3668) |
3390 (3090–3697) |
3391 (3090–3698) |
Small for gestational age birth |
126 (13.6) |
180 (11.0) |
109 (8.7) |
237 (9.3) |
210 (9.3) |
352 (8.4) |
Preterm birth (<37 weeks gestational age) |
127 (13.7) |
195 (11.9) |
117 (9.3) |
297 (11.7) |
248 (11.1) |
465 (11.0) |
5 min Apgar score <7 |
17 1.8) |
41 (2.5) |
26 (2.1) |
39 (1.5) |
42 (1.9) |
88 (2.1) |