Table 2.
Adjusted geometric means (95% confidence interval) of urinary metals by study sites.
| Study Site | Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimony | ||||
| Winston-Salem | 0.13 (0.07, 0.22) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.12 (0.06, 0.24) |
| Baltimore | 0.08 (0.06, 0.12) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.12) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.13) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.12) |
| Chicago | 0.11 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.20) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.21) | 0.12 (0.07, 0.20) |
| Los Angeles | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) | 0.09 (0.05, 0.16) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.14) |
| New York City | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.17) |
| Saint Paul | 0.11 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.19) | 0.13 (0.06, 0.30) | 0.11 (0.06, 0.22) |
| Cadmium | ||||
| Winston-Salem | 0.79 (0.54, 1.16) | 0.84 (0.57, 1.22) | 0.85 (0.58, 1.25) | 0.92 (0.59, 1.46) |
| Baltimore | 0.56 (0.39, 0.80) | 0.51 (0.36, 0.72) | 0.54 (0.37, 0.78) | 0.53 (0.37, 0.75) |
| Chicago | 0.61 (0.47, 0.79) | 0.60 (0.47, 0.78) | 0.62 (0.48, 0.82) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.79) |
| Los Angeles | 0.61 (0.47, 0.79) | 0.60 (0.49, 0.73) | 0.51 (0.34, 0.77) | 0.56 (0.44, 0.72) |
| New York City | 0.62 (0.47, 0.81) | 0.63 (0.49, 0.82) | 0.65 (0.50, 0.85) | 0.59 (0.43, 0.81) |
| Saint Paul | 0.66 (0.47, 0.93) | 0.61 (0.44, 0.85) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.31) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.07) |
| Tungsten | ||||
| Winston-Salem | 0.032 (0.017, 0.061) | 0.032 (0.017, 0.061) | 0.034 (0.018, 0.065) | 0.043 (0.020, 0.094) |
| Baltimore | 0.031 (0.017, 0.057) | 0.030 (0.017, 0.055) | 0.036 (0.019, 0.068) | 0.033 (0.018, 0.061) |
| Chicago | 0.032 (0.021, 0.050) | 0.033 (0.021, 0.050) | 0.036 (0.023, 0.057) | 0.034 (0.022, 0.053) |
| Los Angeles | 0.11 (0.078, 0.16) | 0.11 (0.079, 0.16) | 0.070 (0.035, 0.14) | 0.096 (0.063, 0.15) |
| New York City | 0.033 (0.021, 0.051) | 0.033 (0.021, 0.052) | 0.036 (0.023, 0.057) | 0.027 (0.016, 0.047) |
| Saint Paul | 0.026 (0.015, 0.046) | 0.025 (0.014, 0.044) | 0.047 (0.018, 0.12) | 0.035 (0.016, 0.074) |
| Uranium | ||||
| Winston-Salem | 0.013 (0.009, 0.018) | 0.013 (0.009, 0.018) | 0.013 (0.010, 0.018) | 0.014 (0.010, 0.021) |
| Baltimore | 0.012 (0.009, 0.016) | 0.012 (0.009, 0.016) | 0.012 (0.009, 0.017) | 0.012 (0.009, 0.017) |
| Chicago | 0.012 (0.009, 0.014) | 0.012 (0.009, 0.014) | 0.012 (0.009, 0.015) | 0.012 (0.009, 0.015) |
| Los Angeles | 0.019 (0.016, 0.023) | 0.019 (0.016, 0.023) | 0.019 (0.013, 0.026) | 0.018 (0.015, 0.023) |
| New York City | 0.011 (0.009, 0.013) | 0.011 (0.009, 0.013) | 0.011 (0.009, 0.014) | 0.010 (0.008, 0.013) |
| Saint Paul | 0.009 (0.006, 0.012) | 0.009 (0.007, 0.012) | 0.009 (0.006, 0.015) | 0.010 (0.007, 0.014) |
a Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, education, and annual family income; b Adjusted for variables in Model 1, plus smoking status and pack-year; c Adjusted for variables in Model 2, plus log-transformed PM2.5; d Adjusted for variables in Model 2, plus log-transformed NOx.