Table 1.
Descriptive data of included studies (n = 16).
| Author Year Country | GA Age + | Post–Natal Age, Days | Design | Study Groups | n | Intervention | Sampling Times | Successful Saliva Sampling | Storage Temperature (°C) | Analyze Method | Intra/Inter CV | Cortisol Response |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Painful | ||||||||||||
| Cignacco et al. 2009 Switzerland [44] | 28–31 | <14 | Single group | Sucrose | 9 | Heel lance | –25, +30 | 99% | Not stated | RIA | Not stated | Not significant |
| Cong et al. 2011 USA [45] | 30–32 | 2–9 | Randomized crossover | Incubator care vs. SSC 30 min or 80 min | 18 + 10 | Heel lance | 0, +20 | * | −70 | Not stated | 4.8/6.3 | Not stated |
| Badiee et al. 2013 Iran [46] | 32–37 | 1–30 | Randomized clinical study | Formula odor vs. breast milk odor | 25 + 25 | Heel lance | 0, +20 | Not stated | Not stated | ELISA | Not stated | Not stated |
| Badiee et al. 2014 Iran [47] | 26–34 | <20 | Randomized clinical study | Standard care vs. Co-bedding | 50 + 50 | Heel lance | 0, +20 | Not stated | Not stated | ELISA | Not stated | Not stated ## |
| Campbell–Yeo et al. 2014 Canada [48] | 28–36 | Mean 12.0 and 18.96 | Randomized clinical study | Standard care vs. Co-bedding | 62 + 72 | Heel lance | 0, +20 | 57% | −20 | EIA | 2.24/2.47 | Decrease ## |
| Kleberg et al. 2008 Sweden [49] | 23–31 | <35 | Randomized crossover | Standard care vs NIDCAP | 36 | Eye-screening exam. | 0, +30, +60, +4 h | 75% | −22 | RIA | /6.0 –12.0 | Increase # |
| Ivars et al. 2012 Sweden [50] | 27–33 | 4–86 | Randomized crossover | Control vs oral glucose | 11 | Nasopharyngeal suctioning | 0, +30 | 98% | −22 | RIA | /6.0 –12.0 | Not significant |
| Boyer et al. 2004 Canada [51] | <31 | 1–7 | Randomized controlled study | Water vs. Sucrose for one week | 105 | Different painful procedures | 0, +30 | 54% | −10 | Not stated | Not stated | Not significant |
| Painful + Handling | ||||||||||||
| Magnano et al. 1992 USA [52] | 30–37 | 5–53 | Two group comparative design | Control vs. Cocaine exposed infants | 47 + 11 | Heel lance and Physical exam. | 0, +30 | 79% | Not stated | RIA | 3.3/10.1 | Increase # and Increase # |
| Davis et al. 2004 USA [53] | 33–34 | 3–6 | Two group comparative design | Control vs. Antenatal Betam-ethasone | 9 + 9 | Heel lance and Physical exam. | 0, +20–25, +40–45 | 98% | −20 | DELFIA | 4.3/11.99 | Decrease ## and Increase # |
| Handling | ||||||||||||
| Mörelius et al. 2006 Sweden [29] | 23–38 | 2–7 and 10–18 | Two group comparative design | Full-term vs preterm | 39 + 30 | Diaper change | 0, +30 | 90% | −22 | RIA | /6.0–12.0 | Not significant |
| Mörelius et al. 2012 Sweden [54] | 24–37 | ≤112 | Randomized clinical study | Standard care vs. family care | 137 + 152 | Diaper change | 0, +30 | 97% | −22 | RIA | /6.0–12.0 | Not significant |
| Candia et al. 2014 Brazil [55] | 26–36 | 1–33 | Single group | Lateral/supine position vs. Prone position | 21 | Prone position | 0, +30 | 76% | Not stated | ECL | Not stated | Decrease ## |
| Pleasant | ||||||||||||
| Mörelius et al. 2005 Sweden [56] | 25–33 | 2–21 and 4–26 | Crossover | Incubator care vs. SSC | 17 | SSC | 0, +30 | 89% | −22 | RIA | /6.0–12.0 | Not significant |
| Dorn et al. 2014 Germany [57] | 30–37 | Mean 4.9 | Randomized clinical study | Control vs. Music vs. Maternal voice | 22 + 20 + 20 | Music and Maternal voice | −10, +10 | 65% | −20 | ELISA | Not stated | Not significant |
| Schwilling et al. 2015 Germany [58] | 23–33 | <21 | Single group | Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 |
20 | Music | 0, +25, +4 h | 91% | −20 | Mass- spec-trometry | Not stated | Decrease ## |
+ Gestational age in weeks at birth; # See Table 2 for details; ## See Table 3 for details; * Only reports how many subjects provided complete set of data, not how many were included. RIA = Radioimmunoassay; ELISA= Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ECL = Electrochemiluminescence; EIA = Sensitive enzyme immunoassay; DELFIA = Competitive solid phase time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay with fluorometric endpoint.