Table 3.

Studies reporting a decrease in salivary cortisol levels from the baseline with different interventions (n = 5).

Author Year	Intervention	Results
Davis 2004 [53]	Heel lance	Infants exposed to antenatal betamethasone showed a significant decrease in salivary cortisol from the baseline to 20 and 40 min after heel lance.
Kleberg 2008 [49]	Eye-screening examination	NIDCAP-treated infants showed a significant decrease in salivary cortisol from 30 to 60 min after eye-screening for retinopathy of the premature eye.
Campbell-Yeo 2014 [48]	Heel lance	Salivary cortisol was significantly lower than the baseline 20 min after heel lance in infants randomized to co-bedding but not in the control group.
Candia 2014 [55]	Prone position	Salivary cortisol was significantly lower than the baseline 30 min after changing the position from the lateral/supine position in the incubator to the prone position in the incubator.
Schwilling 2015 [58]	Music	Salivary cortisol was significantly lower than the baseline 25 min after exposure to 15 min of live harp music during days 1 and 3 but not on day 2. Salivary cortisol was significantly lower than the baseline 4 h after exposure to 15 min of live music during day 1 but not on days 2 and 3.

NIDCAP = Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program.