Serum IGF-1 and log-adjusted adiponectin levels among subjects with low muscle mass and low muscle density defined as age-, sex-, and race-specific Z score < −1 (15.9th percentile), adjusting for age, sex, and adiposity (FMI Z score for ALMI or fat CSA Z score for muscle CSA). IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; FMI: fat mass index; ALMI: appendicular lean mass index; CSA: cross-sectional area.