Table 1.

Biomarkers in Common between Preclinical Models and ALS Patients

Biomarker	Pre-clinical	Patient Population
Proinflammatory monocyte phenotype, microglia or cytokine expression	(Butovsky et al., 2012; Chiu et al., 2013; Hensley et al., 2002; Lincecum et al., 2010)	(Butovsky et al., 2012; Lincecum et al., 2010; Mitchell et al., 2009; Su et al., 2013)
Increased expression of CD4+ T cells	(Chiu et al., 2008)	(Saresella et al., 2013) (Mantovani et al., 2009)
Decreased expression of Tregs	(Zhao et al., 2012) (during rapidly progressing stage)	(Mantovani et al., 2009; Rentzos et al., 2012; Saresella et al., 2013)
Complement activation	(Heurich et al., 2011; Lee et al., 2013; Woodruff et al., 2008)	(Ganesalingam et al., 2011; Sta et al., 2011; Woodruff et al., 2008)
SOD1 in the CSF	(Miller et al., 2005; Ralph et al., 2005; Raoul et al., 2005)	(Winer et al., 2013)
Increased neurofilament in blood/CSF	(Boylan et al., 2009; Chen et al., 2014a; Lu et al., 2012)	(Boylan et al., 2013; Ganesalingam et al., 2011; Ganesalingam et al., 2013; Lehnert et al., 2014; Tortelli et al., 2012)
T2 weighted MRI structural changes	(Evans et al., 2014; Marcuzzo et al., 2011)	(Vucic et al., 2008)
Alterations in EIM	(Li et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2011)	(Rutkove et al., 2012; Rutkove et al., 2014)
Alterations in MUNE	(Ngo et al., 2012; Shefner et al., 2006)	(Ahn et al., 2010; Armon and Brandstater, 1999; Shefner et al., 2011)
RAN dipeptide proteins	(Su et al., 2014)	(Su et al., 2014; Zu et al., 2013)