Table 2.

Prognostic Markers of Disease

Biomarker	Prognosis	Reference
Blood and CSF
Low serotonin	57% increased risk of death	(Dupuis et al., 2010)
High sCD14	Increased survival time	(Sussmuth et al., 2010)
Low S100B	Increased survival time	(Sussmuth et al., 2010)
Low cystatin C	Shorter survival time	(Wilson et al., 2010)
High pNF-H	Increased risk of death/correlate with ALSFRS-R decline	(Boylan et al., 2013; Ganesalingam et al., 2013; Lehnert et al., 2014)
Low phosphoTau/Tau	Correlate with lower ALSFRS-R and white matter reduction	(Grossman et al., 2014)
High HMGB1 autoantibody	Correlate with lower ALSFRS-R scores	(Hwang et al., 2013)
High granzyme B	Correlate with lower ALSFRS-R scores	(Ilzecka, 2011)
High wrCRP	Correlate with lower ALSFRS-R scores	(Keizman et al., 2009)
High urate	39% reduction in risk of death per 1mg/dl increase	(Paganoni et al., 2012)
Peptides/amino acid/phosphate	Correlate with ALSFRS-R scores	(Lawton et al., 2014)
Low serum albumin	Correlate with ALSFRS-R scores	(Chio et al., 2014)
Muscle
High Nogo-A	Correlate with lower ALSFRS-R score	(Dupuis et al., 2002; Jokic et al., 2005; Pradat et al., 2007)
Genetic biomarkers
Mutations in EPHA4	Longer survival (14month increase)	(Van Hoecke et al., 2012)
Variant of CX3CR1	Reduced survival (25.49month shorter)	(Lopez-Lopez et al., 2014)
SLC11A2	Reduced survival (17month shorter)	(Blasco et al., 2011)
UNC13A	Reduced survival (5–10month shorter)	(Chio et al., 2013; Diekstra et al., 2012)
C9orf72	Reduced survival (6month shorter)	(Byrne et al., 2012)
SNP in ZNF512B	Reduced survival (72month shorter)	(Tetsuka et al., 2013a)