Figure 1.

Induction of KDM expression by HIF-1α signaling. HIF-1α signaling can be activated by hypoxia and several stress-related signaling pathways, commonly called pseudohypoxia since they activate HIF-1α signaling in normoxia. KDMs induced by HIF-1α control the transcription of HIF-1α target genes but in addition, they can modify the global chromatin landscape provoking pathological changes linked to the aging process and age-related diseases. Abbreviations: HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal; JAK, Janus kinase; KDM, histone lysine demethylase; mTor, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NO, nitric oxide; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Smad3, SMAD family member 3; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.