Table 3.

Differences in cognition according to formal educational level.

Test name	p-Value	Mean values
Group 1 versus group 2
California verbal learning test	0.007	M1 = −1.307
		M2 = −0.320
RVDLT	0.037	M1 = −1.738
		M2 = −1.275
Trail making test B	0.007	M1 = −1.616
		M2 = −0.819
Similarities	0.001	M1 = −1.083
		M2 = −0.351
Comprehension	0.000	M1 = −0.947
		M2 = −0.044
Information	0.003	M1 = −0.783
		M2 = −0.021
Group 1 versus group 3
Wechsler memory scale: immediate recall	0.000	M1 = −0.883
		M3 = 0.113
Wechsler memory scale: delayed recall	0.001	M1 = −0.979
		M3 = −0.296
Trail making test B	0.034	M1 = −1.616
		M3 = −0.914
Digit symbol test	0.005	M1 = −0.931
		M3 = −0.257
Similarities	0.001	M1 = −1.083
		M3 = −0.035
Semantic fluency	0.041	M1 = −0.734
		M3 = −0.074
Information	0.001	M1 = −0.947
		M3 = −0.021
Comprehension	0.001	M1 = −0.783
		M3 = 0.191
Group 2 versus group 3
Wechsler memory scale: immediate recall	0.002	M2 = −0.597
		M3 = 0.113
Delayed recall	0.001	M1 = −0.979
		M3 = −0.296

Group 1 comprises patients who completed “Hauptschule,” group 2 comprises patients who completed “Realschule,” and group 3 comprises patients who completed higher German educational levels. Only test results with statistical significance are shown. Significance p < 0.05.