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. 2016 Jan 14;5(1):4. doi: 10.3390/biology5010004

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© 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Pathways for the developmental and phyletic evolution of lipofibroblast-Type II cell interactions. Extrinsic selection pressures are shown in italics; intrinsic selection pressures are shown in bold. (1) AMPs = Antimicrobial Peptides; (2) VDR = Vitamin D Receptor; (3) Type IV col = Type IV collagen ; (4) GR = Glucocorticoid Receptor; (5) 11βHSD = 11beta Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase; (6) βAR = beta Adrenergic Receptor; (7) ADRP = Adipocyte Differentiation Related Protein; (8) Leptin = Leptin; (9) Leptin R = Leptin Receptor; (10) PTHrP = Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein; (11) SP-B = Surfactant Protein-B. These changes in genetic expression were sequentially brought about by such environmental factors as salinity, water-land transition and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen tension over the last 500 million years.