Figure 2.

(A) Fluorescent labeled (green) liposome within cultured urothelial cell (Phalloidin-red-stains actin filaments; Topro-blue nuclear marker); (B) Liposome (LIPO) treatment reduces injury (acrolein) induced ATP release from cultured urothelial cells; (C) Urothelial cross section (rat) showing cleaved SNAP-25 (red) following lipotoxin-treatment; (D) BoNT-A injection into inflamed (cyclophosphamide (CYP)) rat urinary bladder is associated with increased mucosal-nerve growth factor (NGF) as compared with CYP alone. This suggests that BoNT-A prevents NGF release from urothelium.