Table 1.

Selected examples of recognition of the tRNA elbow.

Name	Type/Region of Polymer	Function	Mode of Interaction *	PDB Code	Ref.
Ribosome A site	23S RNA; helix 38 and others	Translation	H,V	4V6F	[13]
Ribosome P site	L5 protein and others	Translation	H,V	4V51	[10]
Ribosome E site	23S RNA; L1 stalk and others	Translation	S	4V4I	[11]
RNase P	RNA: J11/12–J12/11	tRNA modification: 5′ end maturation	S	3Q1Q	[14]
T-box riboswitch	RNA: Stem I distal region	Amino acid surveillance: tRNA binding, recognition of aminoacylation, and genetic switching	S	4LCK	[15]
LeuRS	protein	tRNA aminoacylation	H, V	2V0G	[16]
ValRS	protein	tRNA aminoacylation	H, V	1GAX	[17]
GatDE	protein	Aminoacyl-tRNA transamidation	unknown	2D6F	[18]
GatCAB	protein	Aminoacyl-tRNA transamidation	H, V	3AL0	[19]
RNase Z	protein	tRNA modification: 3′ end maturation	H, V	4GCW	[20]
DusC	protein	tRNA modification: reduction of D-loop U16/U20 to dihydrouridine	H, V	4YCP	[21]
TruB	protein	tRNA modification: pseudouridylation of T-loop U55 to Ψ	T-loop extraction	1K8W	[22]
ArcTgt	protein	tRNA modification: transglycosylation of D-loop G15 to PreQ0.	D-loop extraction	1J2B	[23]
CCA-adding enzyme	protein: tail domain	tRNA maturation; addition of 3′ CCA trinucleotide	H,V	1SZ1	[24]
CC-adding enzyme	protein: tail domain	tRNA maturation; addition of 3′ C nucleotides	H,V	3WFR	[25]
A-adding enzyme	protein	tRNA maturation; addition of 3′ A nucleotide	H,V	4X0B	[26]

* H: Hydrogen bonds; S: Stacking interaction; V: van der Waals interaction.