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. 2016 Feb 17;6(1):9. doi: 10.3390/life6010009

Figure 2.

Figure 2

hERα mediates estrogen (E2) and other ligand effects through three main pathways. (1) The classical pathway, in which hERα binds directly to DNA, to estrogen-response elements (EREs); (2) The non-classical genomic pathway, where hERα interacts with other transcription factors (e.g., AP1 or Sp1) and regulates gene expression without directly binding to DNA; (3) The “non-genomic” mechanism, in which hERα modulates the activity of kinases that can regulate gene transcription and protein activity [19].