FIG 1.

PSV binding and infection require carbohydrate moieties. (A) The binding of AF-594-labeled PSV (MOI, 1,000 PFU/cell) was examined by confocal microscopy after pretreating LLC-PK cells with NaIO₄. (B) Binding of [³⁵S]methionine-cysteine-labeled PSV, EV70, FCV, or CVB3 (50,000 cpm) was measured by liquid scintillation counting after treating cell or not with NaIO₄. The levels of bound virus were expressed as a percentage of the value for the mock-treated, virus-infected control. (C) The effect of NaIO₄ pretreatment of permissive cells on the infectivity of PSV (MOI, 1 PFU/cell) was assessed by immunofluorescence using monoclonal antibody specific for PSV capsid protein at 15 h postinfection. (D) The levels of PSV, EV70, FCV, or CVB3 antigen-positive cells expressed as percentages of mock-treated, virus-infected cells were quantified from three independent fields of view. All experiments were performed three independent times. Panels A and C show representative sets of results. The scale bars corresponded to 20 μm. Error bars indicated standard deviations (SD) from triplicate experiments. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005.