TABLE 1.

Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Healthy Children at Low and High Risk for Developing Depression

Characteristic	Low Risk (n = 42)	High Risk (n = 27)	t/χ2
Gender (% male)a	53.3	53.6	0.98
Age (y)b	8.99 (1.12) 7.02–10.68	8.69 (1.21) 7.01–10.83	1.05
Pubertal Development Scaleb	1.53 (0.53)	1.54 (0.43)	−0.13
Ethnicity (% white)a	48.9	50.0	1.17
Family incomeb	12.02 (7.09) 1–21	11.18 (7.30) 1–21	0.49
CDI-C b
Total t score	49.02 (13.66) 37–83	53.70 (14.59) 37–77	−1.37
Anhedonia Subscale t score	48.19 (10.45) 37–83	52.44 (10.59) 37–75	−1.67
Negative Mood Subscale t score	53.67 (15.49) 39–91	55.52 (15.92) 39–80	−0.49
CDI-Pb,c
Total t score	41.36 (5.54) 34–61	47.79 (8.12) 35–67	3.69***
CBCLb,c
Anxiety Subscale t score	51.35 (2.98) 50–63	55.75 (6.19) 50–70	−3.51***
ADHD Subscale t score	52.44 (5.45) 50–78	54.93 (6.83) 50–75	−1.62
Current maternal depressive symptoms, BDIc	3.05 (4.15) 0–16	15.41 (12.69) 0–49	−4.88***
Age (y) of maternal MDD onset		20.04 (7.97) 8–41
Number of maternal MDD episodesc,d	0	9.15 (8.57) 1–20	−5.55***

Note: Family income level coded in 21 increments of $5,000 starting with 1 = $1,000 to $5,000 and ending with 21 = >$100,000. ADHD = attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder; BDI = Beck Depression Inventory; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; CDI-C = Children’s Depression Inventory–Child; CDI-P = Children’s Depression Inventory–Parent; MDD = major depressive disorder.

^aχ² Statistic presented.

^bMean (and standard deviation) minimum – maximum values are reported along with t-statistic.

^cEqual variance assumption not met; thus the t statistic was computed based on unequal variances.

^dMothers reporting “too many episodes to count” were coded as having “20” episodes.

^***p ≤ .001.