Figure 1.
Evolutionary emergence of a genetic polymorphism (G, dark grey areas), conditionally flexible tactics (C, light grey areas) and a mixture of three ARTs (black areas) in our simulations depending on varying parameter values of growth costs (y-axis), selection intensity on body size due to territorial competition (x-axis; decreasing values reflect strong effect of body size on territory acquisition) and sperm raffle mechanism: (a) fair raffle (r = 1), (b) parasitic advantage (r = 10), (c) bourgeois advantage (r = 0.1). Panels (d–f) correspond to panels (a–c), respectively, except for the additional assumption that males need a certain minimum size (σT = 25) in order to establish and defend a territory. The centre of each dashed-line quadrat signifies a parameter value combination that was repeated four times. Other parameter values were σT = 0, n = 500, α = 10−6, μi = 10−4, μ0 = 10, σp = −1, μσ = −2, γ = 1.5.