Figure 4.

Partial residual plots showing the effect of liana abundance on the specialization of the guild of trees (a), and how tree specialization relates to network robustness in logged and primary forests (b) as well as to the extinction of selected host trees under three extinction scenarios (c). Dark green circles and solid lines represent primary forest, light green triangles and dashed lines represent logged forests. Blue circles and solid lines represent the rare species extinction scenario, green diamonds and dotted lines represent the random species extinction scenario, and red squares and dashed lines represent the connected species extinction scenario. (Online version in colour.)