Table 2.

Baseline characteristics of Parkinson’s disease with training, and healthy controls with and without training.

	Parkinson’s disease		Healthy control with training		Healthy control without training		(H) p
	M	SD	M	SD	M	SD
Questionnaires
ADS	−0.28	0.66	−0.93	0.61	1.50	0.53	*0.053
FSMC	31.67	7.71	34.21	9.42	36.14	8.89	0.381
Working memory
Corsi block backward	−1.15	0.86	−0.10	0.81	0.01	0.99	0.073
Digit span backward	0.09	0.97	−0.37	0.68	−0.18	0.81	0.587
2-back ACC	1.20ƒ	–	0.02	1.01	−0.33ª	1.50	0.276
2-back RT	−0.38ƒ	–	0.22	1.04	−0.86ª	0.42	0.173
3-back ACC	–	–	0.21	0.86º	−0.74ª	1.48	0.240
3-back RT	–	–	−0.17	1.08º	0.61ª	0.09	0.143
PASAT	−1.47	0.92	−0.54	0.85	0.44	0.43	*0.005
Short-term memory
Corsi block forward	−0.55	0.52	−0.08	0.89	−0.18	1.08	0.392
Digit span forward	0.06	0.72	−0.41	0.66	−0.28	0.55	0.309
1-back ACC	−0.69	1.78	−0.03	0.65	0.14	0.98	0.560
1-back RT	−1.27	1.49	−0.15	1.25	0.18	0.41	0.135
SPART	−0.07	1.59	0.48	1.03	0.42	0.90	0.793
SRT-LTS	−1.46	1.49	0.27	1.01	−0.41	0.93	*0.036
SRT-CLTR	−1.09	1.18	0.23	0.96	−0.23	0.71	0.070
Mental speed
SDMT	−1.33	0.68	0.43	1.30	0.53	1.54	*0.009
WLG	−0.94	1.24	0.35	1.00	0.63	0.58	*0.047
Long-term memory
SRT-DR	−2.06	2.02	0.13	0.96	−0.11	1.35	0.066
SPART-DR	0.36	1.36	0.79	0.84	0.21	0.67	0.250
Interference/inhibition
Stroop	−0.41	0.40	0.13	1.02	−0.34	0.56	0.651

All scores are z values except for FSMC; (H) p, Kruskal–Wallis test; *, significance at an alpha level of .05; ƒ = N = 1; º = N = 7; ª = N = 2. ACC, accuracy; ADS, Allgemeine Depressions Skala (general depression scale); FSMC, Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions; M, mean; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; RT, reaction time; SD, standard deviation; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SPART, Spatial Recall Test; SPART-DR, Spatial Recall Test Delayed Recall; SRT-CLTR, Selective Reminding Test Consistent Long-Term Retrieval; SRT-DR, Selective Reminding Test Delayed Recall; SRT-LTS, Selective Reminding Test Long-Term Storage; WLG, Word List Generation.