Table 3.
z-value differences of baseline and postassessment. Within-group comparisons (Cohen’s d effect sizes and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (W)) as well as between-group comparisons using the Kruskal–Wallis (H) test are shown.
| Parkinson’s disease |
Healthy control with training |
Healthy control without training |
(H) p | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z | d | (W) p | Z | d | (W) p | Z | d | (W) p | ||
| Questionnaires | ||||||||||
| ADS | −0.47 | −0.62 | 0.156 | −0.46 | −0.85 | *0.046 | 0.09 | −0.06 | 0.406 | 0.39 |
| FSMC | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.234 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.423 | 0.29 | 0.16 | 0.234 | 0.57 |
| Working memory | ||||||||||
| Corsi block backward | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.078 | 0.50 | 0.52 | *0.021 | −0.31 | −0.44 | 0.234 | 0.09 |
| Digit span backward | −0.05 | −0.04 | 0.500 | 0.38 | 0.62 | *0.049 | 0.35 | 0.35 | *0.047 | 0.59 |
| 2-back ACC | – | – | – | 0.63 | 0.75 | 0.313 | 0.33 | – | – | 0.55 |
| 2-back RT | – | – | – | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.313 | −0.86 | – | – | 0.38 |
| 3-back ACC | – | – | – | 0.52 | 0.71 | 0.063 | 0.74 | – | – | – |
| 3-back RT | – | – | – | −0.69 | −0.75 | 0.063 | 0.61 | – | – | – |
| PASAT | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.563 | 0.31 | 0.37 | *0.033 | −0.22 | −0.11 | 0.125 | 0.81 |
| Short-term memory | ||||||||||
| Corsi block forward | −0.15 | −0.31 | 0.344 | 0.27 | 0.26 | 0.209 | 0.89 | 0.76 | *0.008 | *0.03 |
| Digit span forward | 0.29 | 0.38 | 0.125 | 0.34 | 0.37 | *0.021 | 0.83 | 0.47 | *0.031 | 0.66 |
| 1-back ACC | 0.73 | 0.43 | 0.375 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.172 | −0.10 | −0.08 | 0.313 | 0.75 |
| 1-back RT | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.313 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.455 | 0.18 | 0.42 | 0.148 | 0.62 |
| SPART | 0.94 | 0.57 | *0.047 | 1.11 | 0.95 | *0.001 | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.234 | 0.12 |
| SRT-LTS | 0.71 | 0.47 | 0.109 | 1.22 | 1.46 | *<0.001 | 1.19 | 0.75 | *0.008 | 0.78 |
| SRT-CLTR | 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.078 | 1.16 | 1.20 | *<0.001 | 1.09 | 0.82 | *0.016 | *0.05 |
| Mental speed | ||||||||||
| SDMT | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.156 | 0.32 | 0.24 | *0.053 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.398 | 0.71 |
| WLG | −0.22 | −0.19 | 0.313 | −0.43 | −0.43 | 0.065 | −0.36 | −0.13 | 0.234 | 0.86 |
| Long-term memory | ||||||||||
| SRT-DR | 1.39 | 0.88 | *0.047 | 0.94 | 1.30 | *0.001 | 0.46 | 0.34 | 0.313 | 0.21 |
| SPART-DR | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.063 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 0.072 | 0.04 | –0.14 | 0.500 | 0.42 |
| Interference/inhibition | ||||||||||
| Stroop | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.500 | −0.20 | −0.24 | 0.311 | −0.02 | 0.08 | 0.500 | 0.84 |
z = z-value differences between pre- and postassessment within groups; d = Cohen’s d effect size within groups with d = .2 small effect, d = .5 moderate effect, d = .8 large effect; (W) p, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons; (H) p, Kruskal–Wallis test for between-group comparisons; *, 1-tailed significance p ⩽ 0.05. ACC, accuracy; ADS, Allgemeine Depressions Skala (general depression scale); FSMC, Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions; M, mean; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; RT, reaction time; SD, standard deviation; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SPART, Spatial Recall Test; SPART-DR, Spatial Recall Test Delayed Recall; SRT-CLTR, Selective Reminding Test Consistent Long-Term Retrieval; SRT-DR, Selective Reminding Test Delayed Recall; SRT-LTS, Selective Reminding Test Long-Term Storage; WLG, Word List Generation.