Table 5.
z-value differences of baseline assessment and 3-month follow up. Shown are Cohen’s d effect sizes and Wilcoxon signed-rank test (W) for within-group comparisons and between-group comparisons using the Kruskal–Wallis (H) test.
| Parkinson’s disease |
Healthy controls with training |
Healthy controls without training |
(H) p | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z | d | (W) p | Z | d | (W) p | Z | d | (W) p | ||
| Questionnaires | ||||||||||
| ADS | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.500 | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.281 | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.234 | *0.02 |
| FSMC | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.219 | −0.02 | −0.02 | 0.417 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.094 | 0.58 |
| Working memory | ||||||||||
| Corsi block backward | −0.21 | −0.16 | 0.500 | 0.71 | 0.63 | *0.042 | −0.19 | −0.41 | 0.344 | 0.09 |
| Digit span backward | −0.34 | −0.28 | 0.188 | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.168 | 0.93 | 0.94 | *0.016 | 0.14 |
| 2-back ACC | – | – | – | 0.95 | 0.99 | 0.250 | – | – | – | – |
| 2-back RT | – | – | – | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.250 | – | – | – | – |
| 3-back ACC | – | – | – | 0.87 | 1.09 | 0.500 | – | – | – | – |
| 3-back RT | – | – | – | 1.60 | 1.58 | 0.250 | – | – | – | – |
| PASAT | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.219 | 0.60 | 0.80 | *<0.001 | −0.24 | −0.18 | 0.453 | 0.07 |
| Short-term memory | ||||||||||
| Corsi block forward | 0.85 | 1.23 | *0.031 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.057 | 0.51 | 0.35 | 0.125 | 0.85 |
| Digit span forward | −0.10 | −0.10 | 0.625 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.336 | 0.91 | 0.54 | *0.039 | 0.36 |
| 1-back ACC | 1.02 | 0.67 | 0.250 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.156 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.500 | 0.77 |
| 1-back RT | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.406 | 0.00 | 0.00 | *0.003 | 0.37 | 0.75 | *0.039 | *0.03 |
| SPART | 0.94 | 0.65 | *0.031 | 0.84 | 0.79 | *0.001 | −0.21 | −0.47 | 0.352 | 0.07 |
| SRT-LTS | 0.62 | 0.41 | *0.016 | 0.77 | 0.76 | *0.016 | 1.33 | 0.87 | *0.008 | 0.08 |
| SRT-CLTR | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.203 | 1.02 | 1.12 | *0.002 | 1.19 | 0.95 | *0.016 | *0.03 |
| Mental speed | ||||||||||
| SDMT | −0.11 | −0.14 | 0.313 | −0.17 | −0.13 | 0.268 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.133 | *0.02 |
| WLG | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.219 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.188 | 0.56 | 0.97 | *0.031 | 0.07 |
| Long-term memory | ||||||||||
| SRT-DR | 0.64 | 0.35 | 0.063 | 0.62 | 0.77 | *0.012 | 0.64 | 0.54 | 0.063 | *0.03 |
| SPART-DR | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.156 | 0.68 | 0.88 | *0.003 | −0.39 | −0.60 | 0.313 | *0.03 |
| Interference/inhibition | ||||||||||
| Stroop | −0.14 | −0.37 | 0.422 | −0.17 | −0.19 | 0.120 | −0.13 | −0.14 | 0.422 | 0.43 |
z = z-value differences between pre- and postassessment within groups; d = Cohen’s d effect size within groups with d = .2 small effect, d = .5 moderate effect, d = .8 large effect; (W) p, Wilcoxon signed-rank test for within-group comparisons; (H) p, Kruskal–Wallis test for between-group comparisons; *, 1-tailed significance p ⩽ 0.05. ACC, accuracy; ADS, Allgemeine Depressions Skala (general depression scale); FSMC, Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions; M, mean; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; RT, reaction time; SD, standard deviation; SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; SPART, Spatial Recall Test; SPART-DR, Spatial Recall Test Delayed Recall; SRT-CLTR, Selective Reminding Test Consistent Long-Term Retrieval; SRT-DR, Selective Reminding Test Delayed Recall; SRT-LTS, Selective Reminding Test Long-Term Storage; WLG, Word List Generation.