Table 1.
Sample characteristics (n=403)
| Demographics | All n (%) | High illness | Low illness | Males | Females | Age<75 years | Age 75-84 years | Age>84 years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Total | 403 (100) | 219 (54) | 184 (46) | 181 (45) | 222 (55) | 78 (19) | 110 (27) | 215 (53) |
|
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| Age | ||||||||
| <60 | 10 (3) | 7 (3) | 3 (2) | 6 (3) | 4 (2) | 10 (13) | – | – |
| 60–64 | 11 (3) | 7 (3) | 4 (2) | 6 (3) | 5 (2) | 11 (14) | – | – |
| 65–74 | 57 (14) | 35 (17) | 22 (11) | 30 (17) | 27 (12) | 57 (73) | – | – |
| 75–84 | 110 (27) | 62 (30) | 48 (25) | 56 (31) | 54 (24) | – | 110 (100) | – |
| 85–94 | 185 (46) | 83 (40) | 102 (53) | 74 (419) | 111 (50) | – | – | 185 (86) |
| >94 | 30 (8) | 15 (7) | 15 (8) | 9 (5) | 21 (10) | – | – | 30 (14) |
| Race | ||||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (1) | 1 (0.9) | 0 |
| Asian | 4 (1) | 3 (1) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (2) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 2 (2) | 2 (0.9) |
| African American | 9 (2) | 4 (2) | 5 (3) | 4 (2) | 5 (2) | 6 (8) | 1 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 5 (1) | 4 (2) | 1 (0.5) | 3 (2) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (5) | 1 (0.9) | 0 |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| White | 382 (95) | 197 (94) | 185 (95) | 169 (93) | 213 (96) | 66 (85) | 105 (96) | 211 (98) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Males | 181 (45) | 99 (47) | 82 (42) | 181 (100) | – | 42 (54) | 56 (519) | 83 (39) |
| Females | 222 (55) | 110 (53) | 112 (58) | – | 222 (100) | 36 (46) | 54 (49) | 132 (61) |
| Location | ||||||||
| Rural | 42 (10) | 17 (8) | 25 (13) | 24 (13) | 18 (8) | 8 (10) | 14 (13) | 20 (9) |
| Urban | 361 (90) | 192 (92) | 169 (87) | 157 (87) | 204 (92) | 70 (90) | 96 (87) | 195 (91) |
| Non-English ability | 10 (3) | 7 (3) | 3 (2) | 6 (3) | 4 (2) | 0 | 3 (3) | 7 (3) |
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| Psychosocial status | n (%) | |||||||
|
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| Cognitive functioning | ||||||||
| 0 - Alert | 224 (55.6) | 112 (53.6) | 112 (57.7) | 105 (58.0) | 119 (53.6) | 52 (66.7) | 70 (63.6) | 102 (47.4) |
| 1 - Requires prompting during stress | 139 (34.5) | 75 (35.9) | 64 (33.0) | 62 (34.3) | 77 (34.7) | 22 (28.2) | 32 (29.1) | 85 (39.5) |
| 2 - Requires direction for specific situation | 32 (7.9) | 16 (7.7) | 16 (8.2) | 12 (6.6) | 20 (9.0) | 4 (5.1) | 6 (5.5) | 22 (10.2) |
| 3 - Requires considerable assistance | 6 (1.5) | 4 (1.9) | 2 (1.0) | 3 (0.6) | 5 (2.3) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 5 (2.3) |
| 4 - Totally dependant | 2 (0.5) | 2 (1.0) | 0 | 1 (0.6) | 1 (0.5) | 0 | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| 0 - No anxiety | 234 (58.1) | 101 (48.3) | 133 (68.6) | 113 (62.4) | 121 (54.5) | 41 (52.6) | 57 (51.8) | 136 (63.3) |
| 1 - Less often than daily | 91 (22.6) | 44 (21.1) | 47 (24.2) | 34 (18.8) | 57 (25.7) | 16 (20.5) | 26 (23.6) | 49 (22.8) |
| 2 - Daily, not constantly | 73 (18.1) | 59 (28.2) | 14 (7.2) | 32 (17.7) | 41 (18.5) | 18 (23.1) | 26 (23.6) | 29 (13.5) |
| 3 - All the time | 5 (1.2) | 5 (2.4) | 0 | 2 (1.1) | 3 (1.4) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) |
| Depression | 70 (17.4) | 47 (22.5) | 23 (11.9) | 33 (18.2) | 37 (16.7) | 24 (30.8) | 17 (15.5) | 29 (13.5) |
| Living situation | ||||||||
| Living alone | 122 (30.3) | 59 (28.2) | 63 (32.5) | 43 (23.8) | 79 (35.6) | 21 (26.9) | 32 (29.1) | 69 (32.1) |
| Living with others | 281 (69.7) | 150 (71.8) | 131 (67.5) | 138(76.2) | 143(64.4) | 57 (73.1) | 78 (70.9) | 146(67.9) |
|
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| HF disease characteristics | n (%)/Mean (SD) Range |
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|
| ||||||||
| Type of HF diagnosis | ||||||||
| Primary | 190 (47.9) | 102 (46.6) | 88 (47.8) | 81 (44.8) | 109 (49.1) | 24 (30.8) | 47 (42.7) | 119 (55.3) |
| Secondary | 213 (52.1) | 117 (53.4) | 96 (52.2) | 100 (55.2) | 113 (50.9) | 54 (69.2) | 63 (57.3) | 96 (44.7) |
| Status of HF diagnosis | ||||||||
| Newly diagnosed | 33 (8.2) | 18 (8.6) | 15 (7.7) | 15 (8.3) | 18 (8.1) | 6 (7.7) | 10 (9.1) | 17 (7.9) |
| Chronic HF | 327 (81.1) | 169 (80.9) | 158 (81.4) | 147 (81.2) | 180 (81.1) | 62 (79.5) | 86 (78.2) | 179 (83.3) |
| Unknown | 43 (10.7) | 22 (10.5) | 21 (10.8) | 19 (10.5) | 24 (10.8) | 10 (12.8) | 14 (12.7) | 19 (8.8) |
| Ambulation (at admission) | ||||||||
| 0 – Independently walk | 31 (7.7) | 14 (6.7) | 17 (8.8) | 21 (11.6) | 10 (4.5) | 8 (10.3) | 14 (12.7) | 9 (4.2) |
| 1- Use of a device to walk | 283 (70.2) | 137 (65.6) | 146 (75.3) | 128 (70.7) | 155 (69.8) | 58 (74.4) | 82 (74.5) | 143 (66.5) |
| 2 – Supervised walking only | 79 (19.6) | 49 (23.4) | 30 (15.5) | 30 (16.6) | 49 (22.1) | 10 (12.8) | 12 (10.9) | 57 (26.5) |
| 3 – Chairfast, independent using wheelchair | 5 (1.2) | 5 (2.4) | 1 (0.5) | 2 (1.1) | 3 (1.4) | 1 (1.3) | 2 (1.8) | 2 (0.9) |
| 4 – Chairfast, unable to wheel self | 5 (1.2) | 4 (1.9) | 0 | 0 | 5 (2.3) | 1 (1.3) | 0 | 4 (1.9) |
| 5 – Bedbound | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dyspnea (at admission) | ||||||||
| 0 - Never | 24 (6.0) | 9 (4.3) | 15 (7.7) | 7 (3.9) | 17 (7.7) | 3 (3.8) | 4 (3.6) | 17 (7.9) |
| 1 – Climbing stairs | 133 (33.0) | 43 (20.6) | 90 (46.4) | 68 (37.6) | 65 (29.3) | 28 (35.9) | 33 (30.0) | 72 (33.5) |
| 2 – With dressing, bathing | 152 (37.7) | 63 (30.1) | 89 (45.9) | 59 (32.6) | 93 (41.9) | 26 (33.3) | 47 (42.7) | 79 (36.7) |
| 3 – With eating, conversation | 76 (18.9) | 76 (36.4) | 0 | 38 (21.0) | 38 (17.1) | 19 (24.4) | 22 (20.0) | 35 (16.3) |
| 4 – At rest | 18 (4.5) | 18 (8.6) | 0 | 9 (5.0) | 9 (4.1) | 2 (2.6) | 4 (3.6) | 12 (5.6) |
| No of co-morbidities | 5.19 (1.9) | 6.06 (2.1) | 4.25 (1.9) 4 | 5.4 (1.9) | 5.01 (1.9) | 5.55 (2.2) | 5. 27 (1.9) | 5. 01 (1.8) |
| 10 (1 – 11) | 10 (1-11) | (2 – 6) | 10 (1 –11) | 9 (2 – 11) | 9 (2 – 11) | 9 (2 – 11) | 10 (1 – 11) | |
| Type of co-morbidity | ||||||||
| a) Blood pressure | 277 (68.7) | 143 (68.4) | 134 (69.1) | 123 (68.0) | 154 (69.4) | 51 (65.4) | 77 (70.0) | 149 (69.3) |
| b) Vascular | 269 (66.8) | 157 (75.1) | 116 (59.8) | 141 (77.9) | 132 (59.5) | 54 (69.2) | 76 (69.1) | 143 (66.5) |
| c) Cardiac Arrhythmia | 213 (52.9) | 109 (52.2) | 100 (51.5) | 92 (50.8) | 121 (54.5) | 35 (44.9) | 57 (51.8) | 121(56.3) |
| d) Pulmonary | 185 (45.9) | 126 (60.3) | 59 (30.4) | 83 (45.9) | 102 (45.9) | 47 (60.3) | 57 (51.8) | 81 (37.7) |
| e) Diabetes mellitus | 144 (35.7) | 88 (42.1) | 56 (28.9) | 74 (40.9) | 70 (31.5) | 43 (55.1) | 50 (45.5) | 51 (23.7) |
| f) Musculoskeletal | 140 (34.7) | 89 (42.6) | 51 (26.3) | 62 (34.3) | 78 (35.1) | 22 (28.2) | 40 (36.4) | 78 (36.3) |
| g) Renal | 97 (24.1) | 66 (31.6) | 31 (16.0) | 52 (28.7) | 45 (20.3) | 17 (21.8) | 26 (23.6) | 54 (25.1) |
| h) Thyroid | 86 (21.3) | 58 (27.8) | 28 (14.4) | 26 (14.4) | 60 (27.0) | 14 (17.9) | 17 (15.5) | 55 (25.6) |
| i) Gastro-intestinal | 82 (20.4) | 56 (26.8) | 26 (13.4) | 37 (20.4) | 45 (20.3) | 13 (16.7) | 22 (20.0) | 47 (21.9) |
| j) Anaemia | 72 (17.9) | 37 (17.7) | 35(18.0) | 25 (13.8) | 47 (21.2) | 11 (14.1) | 16 (14.5) | 45 (20.9) |
| k) Depression | 55 (13.6) | 36 (17.2) | 19 (9.8) | 23 (12.7) | 32 (14.4) | 15 (19.2) | 14 (12.7) | 26 (12.1) |
| l) Benign prostrate hyperplasia(BPH) | 48 (11.9) | 31 (14.8) | 17 (8.8) | 48 (26.5) | 0 | 6 (7.7) | 15 (13.6) | 27 (12.6) |
| m) Neurological | 42 (10.4) | 24 (11.5) | 18 (9.3) | 19 (10.5) | 23 (10.4) | 7 (9.0) | 8 (7.3) | 27 (12.6) |
| n) Dementia | 33 (8.2) | 19 (9.1) | 14 (7.2) | 19 (10.5) | 14 (6.3) | 2 (2.6) | 9 (8.2) | 22 (10.2) |
| o) Anxiety | 32 (7.9) | 25 (12.0) | 7 (3.6) | 8 (4.4) | 23 (10.4) | 9 (11.5) | 5 (4.5) | 17 (7.9) |
| p) Valvular | 31 (7.7) | 12 (5.7) | 19 (9.8) | 14 (7.73) | 13 (5.8) | 11 (14.1) | 4 (3.6) | 13 (6.0) |
| q) Cancer | 23 (5.7) | 12 (5.7) | 11 (5.7) | 9 (5.0) | 14 (6.3) | 6 (7.7) | 10 (9.1) | 7 (3.3) |
| r) Post acute cardiac Event (e.g: MI) | 21 (5.2) | 12 (5.7) | 9 (4.6) | 10 (5.5) | 11 (5.0) | 5 (6.4) | 4 (3.6) | 12 (5.6) |
| s) Obesity | 17 (4.2) | 14 (6.7) | 3 (1.5) | 5 (2.8) | 12 (5.4) | 11 (14.1) | 3 (2.7) | 3 (1.4) |
| t) Skin disorders | 15 (3.7) | 9 (4.3) | 6 (3.1) | 5 (2.8) | 10 (4.5) | 3 (3.8) | 4 (3.6) | 8 (3.7) |
| u) Nutrition disorders/metabolic | 9 (2.2) | 5 (2.4) | 4 (2.1) | 2 (1.1) | 7 (3.2) | 2 (2.6) | 3 (2.7) | 4 (1.9) |
| v)Infection | 4 (1) | 2 (1.0) | 2 (1.0) | 1 (0.6) | 3 (1.4) | 2 (2.6) | 1 (0.9) | 1 (0.5) |
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| Decision support | n (%)/Mean (SD) Range |
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| Type of cardiac medications | ||||||||
| a) ACEI/ARB | 204 (50.6) | 96 (45.9) | 108 (55.7) | 89 (49.2) | 115 (51.8) | 44 (56.4) | 53 (48.2) | 107 (49.8) |
| b) Beta-blockers | 319 (79.2) | 162 (77.5) | 157 (80.9) | 146 (80.7) | 173 (77.9) | 60 (76.9) | 88 (80.0) | 171 (79.5) |
| c) Diuretics | 344 (85.4) | 180 (86.1) | 164 (84.5) | 154 (85.1) | 190 (85.6) | 66 (84.6) | 95 (86.4) | 183 (85.1) |
| Total number of medications | 13.6 (4.8) | 15.81(4.9) | 11.21(3.3) | 13.9 (4.8) | 13.4 (4.7) | 15.8 (4.9) | 13.8 (5.2) | 12.7 (4.2) |
| 27 (4 – 31) | 26 (5 – 31) | 13 (4 – 17) | 22 (5 – 27) | 27 (4 – 31) | 19 (7 – 26) | 27 (4 – 31) | 22 (5 – 27) | |