Table 2.
Effects of long-term dietary fructose (Fruc), resveratrol (Res), and their combinations (Res + Fruc) on some metabolic parameters and plasma insulin, triglyceride, estradiol, and free testosterone and total testosterone of male and female rats.
| Groups | Control | Res | Fruc | Res + Fruc | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal body weight (g) | Male | 370 ± 10.7 | 335 ± 4.1∗ | 415 ± 6.5∗ | 371 ± 5.1# |
| Female | 249 ± 6.7† | 227 ± 7.5† | 260 ± 1.8† | 235 ± 1.5# | |
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| Food intake (g/day) | Male | 20.74 ± 0.83 | 24.6 ± 1.1 | 20.5 ± 1.1 | 21.9 ± 1.1 |
| Female | 14.4 ± 0.8† | 18.3 ± 0.6∗† | 12.7 ± 0.5† | 12.8 ± 0.4† | |
|
| |||||
| Liquid intake (mL/day) | Male | 46.5 ± 2.1 | 61.2 ± 2.4∗ | 56.8 ± 1.6∗ | 55.9 ± 1.6 |
| Female | 32.9 ± 0.9† | 38.9 ± 1.3∗† | 38.1 ± 1.3† | 37.8 ± 1.3† | |
|
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| Total caloric intake (kcal) | Male | 72.6 ± 2.9 | 86.1 ± 3.8∗ | 94.9 ± 4.2∗ | 99.5 ± 4.5 |
| Female | 50.5 ± 2.9† | 64.1 ± 2.2∗† | 60.1 ± 2.2∗† | 60.3 ± 2.1† | |
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| Resveratrol intake (mg/kg bw) | Male | — | 36 ± 1.2 | — | 29 ± 0.8 |
| Female | — | 40 ± 2.1 | — | 27 ± 0.5 | |
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| Fructose intake (g/day) | Male | — | — | 5.7 ± 0.2 | 5.6 ± 0.2 |
| Female | — | — | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | |
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| Omentum weight/body weight (%) | Male | 0.53 ± 0.02 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 1.39 ± 0.32∗ | 0.95 ± 0.10# |
| Female | 0.88 ± 0.04† | 0.59 ± 0.03∗ | 1.64 ± 0.23∗ | 1.20 ± 0.09# | |
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| Glucose (mg/dL) | Male | 129.5 ± 10.9 | 95.3 ± 6.1∗ | 129.4 ± 19.1 | 113.8 ± 8.6 |
| Female | 103.7 ± 3.7 | 87.6 ± 4.2 | 113.2 ± 7.8 | 100.9 ± 2.3 | |
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| Insulin (ng/mL) | Male | 0.48 ± 0.13 | 0.40 ± 0.09 | 4.38 ± 0.52∗ | 1.28 ± 0.27# |
| Female | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 4.97 ± 0.34∗ | 2.08 ± 0.66# | |
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| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | Male | 88.9 ± 9.4 | 49.2 ± 4.6∗ | 132.8 ± 8.5∗ | 57.4 ± 6.9# |
| Female | 81.6 ± 8.4 | 64 ± 8.3∗ | 205.1 ± 27.2∗† | 102.9 ± 14.1#† | |
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| Estradiol (pg/mL) | Male | 11.7 ± 1.3 | 9.3 ± 1.1 | 13 ± 2.3 | 9.9 ± 1.2 |
| Female | 41.6 ± 13† | 49.2 ± 10.6† | 33.8 ± 8.7† | 43.1 ± 6.9† | |
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| Free testosterone (pg/mL) | Male | 25.7 ± 0.6 | 23.1 ± 0.9 | 23.1 ± 1.9 | 29.3 ± 1# |
| Female | 2.5 ± 0.17† | 3.1 ± 0.09∗† | 2.9 ± 0.09† | 2.7 ± 0.02† | |
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| Total testosterone (ng/mL) | Male | 3 ± 0.01 | 3.1 ± 0.12 | 2.7 ± 0.12 | 3 ± 0.1# |
| Female | 0.29 ± 0.01† | 0.29 ± 0.01† | 0.3 ± 0.01† | 0.27 ± 0.02† | |
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6–12.
∗Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to control group.
#Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to fructose group.
†Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to male group.