Table 3.

Effects of long-term dietary fructose (Fruc), resveratrol (Res), and their combinations (Res + Fruc) on some endocrine parameters and cytokines in the adipose tissues of male and female rats.

Groups		Control	Res	Fruc	Res + Fruc
Insulin (mU/g protein)	Male	1,54 ± 0.16	1.19 ± 0.17	2.75 ± 0.42∗	1.32 ± 0.27#
	Female	1.45 ± 0.16	0.79 ± 0.1∗	2.93 ± 0.26∗	1.63 ± 0.26#
Estradiol (pg/g protein)	Male	9.1 ± 0.6	8.6 ± 1.1	13 ± 1.5	9 ± 1.1
	Female	27.5 ± 8†	28 ± 5.1†	14 ± 1.8∗	22 ± 4.6†
Free testosterone (pg/g protein)	Male	45 ± 4.9	48 ± 7.8	21 ± 2.8∗	26 ± 4
	Female	2.8 ± 0.8†	1.5 ± 0.1∗†	5.6 ± 0.1∗†	2 ± 0.4#†
Total testosterone (pg/g protein)	Male	655 ± 51	581 ± 78	285 ± 33∗	332 ± 43
	Female	32 ± 6.1†	16 ± 3†	68 ± 9.5∗†	25.7 ± 4.9#†
MDA (µmol/g protein)	Male	16 ± 1.9	18 ± 4.9	26 ± 3.6∗	14 ± 1.9#
	Female	14 ± 2.1	5.3 ± 0.8∗†	48 ± 13∗†	12 ± 2.1#
ALT (U/g protein)	Male	169 ± 14	192 ± 22	335 ± 73∗	448 ± 135
	Female	272 ± 47	113 ± 13∗†	736 ± 145∗†	315 ± 39#
AST (U/g protein)	Male	85 ± 5	119 ± 27	123 ± 28	271 ± 55#
	Female	164 ± 18†	51 ± 11∗†	346 ± 56∗†	142.1 ± 5#†
TNF-α (ng/g protein)	Male	153 ± 10	163 ± 7	261 ± 31∗	218 ± 33
	Female	111 ± 9†	99 ± 6†	319 ± 41∗	184 ± 38#
IL-1β (ng/g protein)	Male	382 ± 30	250 ± 17∗	496 ± 38∗	548 ± 44
	Female	241 ± 26†	270 ± 17	703 ± 108∗	445 ± 68
IL-6 (ng/g protein)	Male	61 ± 4.6	46 ± 2.5	67 ± 6.4	36 ± 5.3#
	Female	13 ± 1.3†	11 ± 1.9†	51 ± 7.4∗	20 ± 3.1#†
IL-10 (ng/g protein)	Male	50 ± 7.6	52 ± 4.7	83 ± 13.3∗	40 ± 5.8#
	Female	52 ± 6.2	33 ± 4.1†	93 ± 7.6∗	55 ± 6.1#
IL-18 (MBL) (µg/g protein)	Male	9.4 ± 1.6	7.6 ± 0.7	39 ± 7.7∗	19 ± 3.8#
	Female	7.5 ± 1.4	8.3 ± 0.6	37 ± 6.2∗	14 ± 2.5#

Values are expressed as mean ± SEM, n = 6–12.

^∗Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to control group.

^#Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to fructose group.

^†Significantly different (P < 0.05) compared to male group.