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. 2016 Apr 1;126(4):1181–1189. doi: 10.1172/JCI81132

Figure 1. Inhibition of host immunity by exosomes and other ExMVs during the course of an infection.

Figure 1

(A) Virus-, parasite-, and bacteria-infected cells release components that can be trafficked to MVBs and released on exosomes or the pathogens themselves release exosomes or microvesicles (MVs) and BMVs. These exosomes and other extracellular vesicles can inhibit an immune response and likely do so through multiple mechanisms acting on multiple cells. Examples include exosomes containing microbial molecules such as HIV Nef or Leishmania gp63, which can block T cell activation or induce apoptosis of immune effector cells. Exosomes from M. tuberculosis– or Leishmania-infected macrophages or from Leishmania itself can also limit the proinflammatory response in target macrophages and DCs. In contrast, exosomes from CMV-, HIV-, and HCV-infected cells can enhance the susceptibility of noninfected cells. (B) Similar results were seen with microvesicles from Plasmodium-infected rbc.