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. 2016 Apr 1;126(4):1181–1189. doi: 10.1172/JCI81132

Figure 2. Promoting an effective immune response to pathogen infection through exosomes and other ExMVs.

Figure 2

Exosomes and other ExMVs released from virus-, parasite-, and bacteria-infected cells can function through antigen cross priming to activate antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Exosomes from M. tuberculosis– and T. gondii–infected cells also contain PAMPS that can stimulate macrophage production of proinflammatory mediators like TNF-α. Similar results were seen with exosomes containing dUTPase released from EBV-infected cells.