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Mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab.
Abbreviations: Akt, protein kinase B; Cdk 2/4, cyclin-dependent kinase 2/4; E2, estradiol; ER, estrogen receptor; IGF1R, insulin-like growth factor I receptor; HER, human epidermal growth factor receptor; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; P, phosphorylation; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase; PI3Kmut, mutated phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog.
