Table 5.

Estimated change in biomarker concentrations by fasting, inflammation, renal function (adults ≥20 y) and pregnancy (women 20–49 y), NHANES 2003–2006^1,2,3

Analyte (matrix)4, unit	Fasting (<3 vs. ≥8 h)		Inflammation (yes vs. no)5		Renal function (CKD stage 3–5 vs. normal)6		Pregnancy (yes vs. no)
	SLR7	MLR8	SLR	MLR	SLR	MLR	SLR	MLR9
Water-soluble vitamins and related metabolites
FOL (S), %	10.4*	9.5*	−4.2*	−4.5*	36.5*	6.8*	31.4*	17.9*
FOL (RBC), %	5.3*	4.9*	5.1*	5.5*	28.3*	8.5*	36.8*	26.2*
PLP (S), %	10.7*	9.3*	−33.9*	−28.5*	0.4	2.9	−0.7	−12.6
4PA (S), %	29.6*	28.2*	−5.1	−3.9	151.6*	66.3*	47.2*	33.8*
B-12 (S), %	3.1	3.8	−1.0	−1.7	8.0*	5.3*	−17.1*	−21.5*
tHcy (P), %	−2.4	−2.5*	−1.6	−1.5	53.8*	32.3*	−36.7*	−29.6*
MMA (P), %	21.4*	21.0*	−0.3	−1.1	72.4*	42.3*	−11.8	−4.2
VIC (S), μmol/L	3.9*	3.4*	−7.5*	−8.2*	6.1*	−1.3	10.1*	3.8*
Fat-soluble vitamins and (micro)nutrients
VIA (S), %	−0.1	−0.9	−9.2*	−8.2*	27.0*	20.2*	−23.0*	−21.5*
VIE (S), %	3.6*	3.7*	0.7	0.1	22.5*	−0.7	17.1*	22.2*
CAR (S), %	5.4*	3.8	−19.0*	−18.3*	−6.6*	−5.4	9.9	11.9*
XAN (S), %	2.8	2.9	−19.2*	−20.6*	3.3	−3.9	34.1*	32.3*
25OHD (S), nmol/L	0.2	−0.5	−5.8*	−3.9*	−1.6	−0.7	9.7*	6.6*
SFA (P), %	N/A10	N/A	10.7*	9.5*	4.6*	−4.8*	22.6*	28.0*
MUFA (P), %	N/A	N/A	11.3*	10.9*	14.4*	0.9	22.9*	29.0*
PUFA (P), %	N/A	N/A	4.0*	2.9*	−0.8	−7.5*	14.7*	18.6*
tFA (P), %	N/A	N/A	7.3*	6.1*	4.0*	−4.2	19.0*	22.9*
Trace elements
FER (S), %	1.0	1.8	24.0*	24.6*	9.1	5.9	−33.8*	−33.1*
sTfR (S), %	−3.4	−2.7	4.4*	2.5	14.0	10.8	−1.9	−3.0
BI (S), mg/kg	0.1	0.1	0.6*	0.7*	−0.2	−0.2	−1.4*	−1.4*
uI (U), %	8.3	26.4*	7.5*	1.6	46.2*	7.1	19.7	8.1
Phytoestrogens
GEN (U), %	−13.0	4.3	−1.4	−4.4	24.0	2.5	−7.0	2.5
DAZ (U), %	−6.8	11.4	−5.8	−9.1	16.2	−4.9	−10.7	5.1
EQU (U), %	−21.3*	−5.8	0.5	−2.4	−9.0	−17.2	7.8	18.1
DMA (U), %	−23.1	−15.4	−31.4*	−35.5*	43.8	11.8	−26.2	−9.7
ETD (U), %	−28.2*	−14.1	−16.9	−20.8*	−0.9	−18.3	36.5	44.0
ETL (U), %	−17.3	−5.7	−35.7*	−37.9*	28.5	−1.5	4.0	8.9
Acrylamide hemoglobin adducts
HbAA (B), %	6.9	4.4	−4.0	−4.8*	−23.1*	−5.7	−28.6*	−10.4*
HbGA (B), %	−0.9	1.9	6.9*	5.8*	−24.8*	−8.3*	−8.9	6.3

¹Change represents percent change in geometric mean for all biomarkers except for vitamin C, vitamin D, and body iron where change in arithmetic mean represents concentration units.

²25OHD, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 4PA, 4-pyridoxic acid; B-12, total cobalamin; BI, body iron; CAR, carotenes; DAZ, daidzein; DMA, O-desmethylangolensin; EQU, equol; ETD, enterodiol; ETL, enterolactone; FER, ferritin; FOL, folate; GEN, genistein; HbAA, acrylamide hemoglobin adduct; HbGA, glycidamide hemoglobin adduct; MMA, methylmalonic acid; PLP, pyridoxal-5′-phosphate; sTfR, soluble transferrin receptor; tFA, total fatty acids; tHcy, total homocysteine; uI, urine iodine; VIA, retinol; VIC, ascorbic acid; VIE, alpha-tocopherol; XAN, xanthophylls.

³MMA, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, tFA, HbAA and HbGA data only available for NHANES 2003–2004; PLP, 4PA, VIA, VIE, CAR, and XAN data only available for NHANES 2005–2006.

⁴S, serum; P, plasma; U, urine; B, whole blood.

⁵C-reactive protein (CRP, mg/L) was used to assess inflammation status (<5, no inflammation; ≥5, inflammation).

⁶Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was used to assess renal function; normal was defined as eGFR ≥60 mL/(min·1.73 m²) and absence of albuminuria; stage 1 or 2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as eGFR ≥60 mL/(min·1.73 m²) and presence of albuminuria; stage 3–5 CKD was defined as eGFR <60 mL/(min·1.73 m²).

⁷Simple linear regression (model 1).

⁸Multiple linear regression model controlled for age, sex, race-ethnicity, smoking, supplement use, fasting, inflammation, and renal function (and urine creatinine for urine biomarkers) (model 2).

⁹Multiple linear regression model for women 20–49 y controlled for pregnancy in addition to the above mentioned variables (model 2).

¹⁰N/A as all subjects were fasting for ≥8 h.

^*Change is significantly different from 0; P <0.05.