Table 1. Overview of several biological processes involved in CRC carcinogenesis and proteins commonly associated with these processes.

Biomarker	Full name	Sustained proliferation	Growth suppressor evasion	Apoptosis resistance	Angiogenesis	Invasion and metastasis	Genome instability	Inflammation	Deregulation of cellular energetics
EGFR	epidermal growth factor receptor	X	X	X		X
PI3K	phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase	X	X	X		X
AURKA	aurora kinase A	X	X	X		X
Ki-67	antigen KI-67	X		X
TK1	thymidine kinase 1	X		X
KCNQ1	potassium voltage-gated channel, KQT-like subfamily, member 1	X	X	X
IGF2	insulin-like growth factor 2	X	X	X		X
VEGFA	vascular endothelial growth factor A	X		X	X	X
PDGFR β	platelet-derived growth factor receptor β	X	X	X	X	X
CEA	carcinoembryonic antigen		X			X
MMP9	matrix metallo-peptidase 9	X		X	X	X
CXCR4	C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4	X		X	X	X
CXCL12	C-X-C motif chemokine 12	X		X	X	X
MLH1	MutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2 (E. coli)	X		X			X
MSH6	mutS homolog 6			X			X
PTGS2	prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2	X	X	X		X		X
SLC2A1	solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter, member 1	X		X		X			X
HIF1α	hypoxia-inducible factor 1α	X	X	X	X	X		X	X