Table 9. The diversity level of P. falciparum populations in different transmission settings.
| Countries/Locations | Data | Mean MOI | He | LD (IAS) | Transmission status (Program phase)a | Study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaysia | Foci (Pre-elimination) | |||||
| Sabah, East Malaysia | ||||||
| Malinsau | Microsatellites | - | 0.63 | 0.009 | Anthony et al. 2005 [11] | |
| Telupid | Microsatellites | - | 0.48 | 0.190 | ||
| Lahad Datu | Microsatellites | - | 0.55 | 0.118 | ||
| Kunak | Microsatellites | - | 0.46 | 0.104 | ||
| Kalabakan | Microsatellites | - | 0.33 | 0.495 | Present study | |
| Kota Marudu | Microsatellites | - | 0.30 | 0.601 | ||
| Kalabakan | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.28 | 0.17–0.70 | - | Present study | |
| Kota Marudu | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.03 | 0.24–0.70 | - | ||
| Sarawak, East Malaysia | ||||||
| Lundu | Microsatellites | - | 0.44 | 0.022 | Anthony et al. 2005 [11] | |
| Bau | Microsatellites | - | 0.47 | 0.149 | ||
| Serian | Microsatellites | - | 0.50 | 0.075 | ||
| Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia | MSP-1 & MSP-2 | 0.55–0.57 | - | Atroosh et al. 2011 [17] | ||
| Thailand | Low (Control) | |||||
| Maehongson | Microsatellites | - | 0.68 | - | Pumpaibool et al. 2009 [12] | |
| Tak | Microsatellites | - | 0.63 | - | ||
| Kanchanaburi | Microsatellites | - | 0.60 | - | ||
| Ubonratchathani | Microsatellites | - | 0.70 | - | ||
| Trat | Microsatellites | - | 0.56 | - | ||
| Ranong | Microsatellites | - | 0.62 | - | ||
| Yala | Microsatellites | - | 0.00 | - | ||
| Ranong | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 3.47 | - | - | Congpuong et al. 2014 [31] | |
| Kanchanaburi | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 3.15 | - | - | ||
| Tak | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 3.14 | - | - | ||
| SNPs | - | 0.41–0.42 | 0.003–0.011 | Nkhoma et al. 2013 [3] | ||
| Indonesia | Low (Control) | |||||
| Papua | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 6.00–10.00 | - | - | Sulistyaningsih et al. 2013 [33] | |
| South Kalimantan | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 2.00–7.00 | - | - | ||
| South Kalimantan (Ketapang) | Microsatellites | 1.00 | 0.40 | 0.239 | Noviyanti et al. 2015 [32] | |
| Bangka | Microsatellites | 1.14 | 0.46 | 0.048 | ||
| Sumba | Microsatellites | 1.23 | 0.72 | 0.018 | ||
| West Timor | Microsatellites | 1.11 | 0.52 | 0.229 | ||
| Philipines | Low (Control) | |||||
| Kalinga | Microsatellites | - | 0.39 | 0.104 | Iwagami et al. 2009 [13] | |
| Palawan | Microsatellites | - | 0.60 | 0.043 | ||
| Davao del Norte | Microsatellites | - | 0.51 | 0.052 | ||
| South American | ||||||
| Venezuela | Microsatellites | - | 0.39 | 0.172 | Low (Control) | Chenet et al. 2012 [28] |
| Colombia | Microsatellites | 5.00 | 0.18 | 0.163 | Low (Control) | Chenet et al. 2015 [29] |
| African countries | ||||||
| Malawi | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.01–1.52 | 0.89–0.97 | - | High (Control) | Mwingira et al. 2011 [23] |
| Burkina Faso | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.40–3.03 | 0.78–0.98 | - | High (Control) | |
| Sao Tome | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.01–2.00 | 0.83–0.96 | - | High (Control) | |
| Tanzania | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.84–3.48 | 0.84–0.99 | - | High (Control) | |
| Uganda | MSP-1, MSP-2 & GLURP | 1.17–1.29 | 0.68–0.95 | - | High (Control) | |
| Papua New Guinea | Microsatellites | - | 0.79 | 0.009 | High (Control) | Schultz et al. 2010 [34] |
| MSP-2 | 1.00–2.12 | 0.90–0.96 | - | Barry et al. 2013 [35] | ||
| Guinea | Microsatellites | 3.7–4.2 | 0.77–0.79 | 0.032–0.106 | High (Control) | Mobegi et al. 2012 [16] |
| Guinea Bissau | Microsatellites | 2.60 | 0.80 | 0.000 | High (Control) | |
| Gambia | Microsatellites | 1.7–2.4 | 0.75–0.76 | 0.007–0.017 | High (Control) | |
| Senegal | Microsatellites | 2.20 | 0.72 | 0.150 | High (Control) | |
| Nigeria | Microsatellites | 1.64–1.79 | 0.65–0.79 | 0.021–0.062 | High (Control) | Oyebola et al. 2014 [15] |
| MSP-1 & MSP-2 | 1.39–1.76 | - | - | Oyebola et al. 2014 [14] | ||
| Djibouti | Microsatellites | 1.00 | 0.00 | - | Low (Control) | Khaireh et al. 2013 [9] |
MOI, multiplicity of infection; He, expected heterozygosity; IA S, index of association; LD, linkage disequilibrium.
a Based on the WHO Malaria Country Profile 2015 [1].