Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of enrolled participants, stratified by tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis*.
| All Participants (n = 778); Column % (95% CI) or median (IQR) for continuous variables, as indicated† | Participants with TB (n = 88); Column % (95% CI) or median (IQR) for continuous variables, as indicated† | Participants without TB (n = 652); Column % (95% CI) or median (IQR) for continuous variables, as indicated† | p-value‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 29 (24–38) | 31 (25–39) | 29 (24–38) | 0.67 |
| Female sex (n = 514) | 66.2 (62.0–70.3) | 59.2 (52.1–66.3) | 66.8 (62.6–71.1) | 0.067 |
| If female, pregnant§ (n = 141) | 29.1 (20.8–37.3) | 16.5 (6.5–26.4) | 30.7 (22.4–38.9) | 0.003 |
| District | <0.0003 | |||
| Kisumu (n = 182) | 23.8 (0.0–47.5) | 28.9 (2.1–55.6) | 23.4 (0.0–46.9) | |
| Siaya (n = 292) | 37.5 (17.2–57.7) | 41.9 (19.3–64.5) | 36.8 (16.6–57.0) | |
| Bondo (n = 207) | 26.4 (6.6–46.2) | 22.5 (4.1–41.0) | 26.9 (7.0–46.8) | |
| Rarieda (n = 97) | 12.3 (1.8–22.8) | 6.7 (0.5–13.0) | 12.9 (1.9–23.8) | |
| Lymphadenopathy reported**(n = 37) | 4.7 (3.2–6.3) | 9.6 (5.1–14.0) | 4.4 (2.7–6.1) | 0.074 |
| Lymph node aspiration performed (n = 17) | 2.2 (1.4–3.0) | 5.7 (3.2–8.1) | 1.8 (1.0–2.7) | <0.005 |
| CD4 count, cells/μl, median (IQR) | 343 (332–356) | 159 (96–221) | 360 (341–378) | <0.0001 |
| Missing CD4 count (n = 64) | 8.1 (6.6–9.7) | 7.7 (3.1–12.4) | 6.6 (5.1–8.0) | |
| CD4 count 0–99 (n = 114) | 14.5 (12.6–16.5) | 32.9 (27.7–38.1) | 12.6 (10.1–15.1) | |
| CD4 count 100–199 (n = 88) | 11.4 (9.9–12.8) | 19.6 (13.5–25.7) | 10.8 (9.2–12.3) | |
| CD4 count 200–499 (n = 318) | 40.9 (39.3–42.5) | 29.6 (22.7–36.6) | 42.8 (41.3–44.3) | |
| CD4 count ≥500 (n = 195) | 25.1 (23.2–27.0) | 10.1 (6.6–13.7) | 27.3 (25.2–29.3) | |
| WHO stage of HIV disease | <0.0001 | |||
| Missing WHO stage (n = 26) | 3.4 (1.5–5.3) | 1.1 (0.0–22.5) | 3.3 (1.3–5.3) | |
| I or II (n = 613) | 78.7 (76.0–81.4) | 47.7 (39.0–56.5) | 83.1 (80.3–85.8) | |
| III or IV (n = 139) | 17.9 (16.1–19.7) | 51.2 (42.5–60.0) | 13.7 (12.1–15.2) | |
| Chest radiograph interpretation | <0.0001 | |||
| Missing chest radiograph (n = 193) | 25.0 (18.6–31.4) | 15.9 (9.7–22.2) | 23.7 (16.7–30.8) | |
| Normal (n = 327) | 41.9 (35.7–48.2) | 19.3 (13.6–25.1) | 46.2 (39.3–53.0) | |
| Abnormal (n = 258) | 33.1 (25.7–40.5) | 64.7 (56.3–73.2) | 30.1 (22.1–38.1) | |
| Missing specific abnormal report (n = 5) | 1.9 (0.0–4.3) | 0 | 2.4 (0.0–5.6) | <0.0001 |
| Abnormal, consistent with TB (n = 106) | 41.2 (35.1–47.4) | 71.9 (64.1–79.8) | 31.6 (24.1–39.2) | |
| Abnormal, not consistent with TB (n = 147) | 56.9 (50.7–63.2) | 28.1 (20.2–35.9) | 65.9 (58.1–73.7) | |
* N = 778; one patient had no clinical or demographic data and is not represented here; TB status of 38 patients could not be evaluated
† Percentages are weighted, and do not represent strict numerical proportions; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, IQR = interquartile range
‡ p-values refer to comparison between ‘Patients with TB’ and ‘Participants without TB’; for comparisons of medians (Age and CD4 cell counts), p-values refer to Kruskal-Wallis test, for comparisons of categorical data (District and CD4 cell count categories), p-values refer to overall Chi-Square test.
§ Information on pregnancy status was missing for 22 female participants total: 1 excluded patient, 18 participants without TB, and 3 TB patients with TB
**Information about lymphadenopathy was missing for 34 participants total: 1 excluded patient, 29 participants without TB, and 4 patients with TB