Figure 3. Upper layers of the cortex have Ca²⁺ transients in response to TMS.

(left) Schematic diagram illustrating Ca²⁺ indicator loaded into (A) layer 5, (B) layer 2/3 and (C) layer 1. For each cortical depth, the Ca²⁺ indicator loading location (green circle) and target neurons (green) are indicated. (right) Ca²⁺ activity was recorded in response to a single TM pulse. (D) Comparison of the integrals of the TMS-evoked Ca²⁺ responses recorded at the different cortical depths. TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13598.011