Table 1.
Effect of Temperature and Incubation Period on AFB1 and AFB2 Detoxification by Plant Extracts.
| Control | Temp (°C) | AFB1 percentage reduction | AFB2 percentage reduction | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 h | 6 h | 12 h | 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | 3 h | 6 h | 12 h | 24 h | 48 h | 72 h | ||
| Aflatoxin | 25 | 0.25d I (1.64) | 0.71cd H (1.86) | 1.45bc J (0.84) | 1.71b H (1.65) | 1.94b H (0.42) | 2.86a I (1.54) | 0.12c M (0.14) | 0.53bc M (1.63) | 0.72abc N (1.38) | 0.84abc L (1.89) | 1.02ab M (1.72) | 1.44a N (1.34) |
| 30 | 0.80d I (1.98) | 0.80d H (1.98) | 1.88cd J (1.44) | 2.30bc H (1.32) | 3.07ab GH (1.32) | 3.81a I (1.04) | 0.17c M (1.23) | 0.68bc M (1.73) | 0.79bc N (1.62) | 0.99ab L (0.73) | 1.16ab M (1.11) | 1.66a N (1.20) | |
| 35 | 1.21c I (0.96) | 2.54bc H (1.65) | 2.54bc J (1.53) | 3.01abc GH (1.08) | 3.80ab GH (1.81) | 4.49a HI (1.76) | 0.23c M (1.16) | 0.82bc M (0.81) | 0.87bc N (1.37) | 1.14b L (1.08) | 1.31ab M (1.21) | 1.88a N (1.15) | |
| 40 | 2.21b I (1.85) | 3.53ab H (1.24) | 3.87ab IJ (1.39) | 4.33a GH (1.73) | 4.46a FGH (1.93) | 5.15a GHI (1.34) | 0.28c M (1.87) | 0.94bc M (1.71) | 0.97bc N (1.78) | 1.29b L (1.87) | 1.46ab M (0.77) | 2.11a MN (1.52) | |
| 45 | 3.20b I (1.31) | 4.53ab H (1.98) | 5.13a IJ (1.88) | 5.19a GH (0.49) | 5.66a FGH (1.47) | 5.82a GHI (1.72) | 0.33c M (1.28) | 1.02bc M (1.38) | 1.12b N (1.24) | 1.44b L (0.96) | 1.61b M (1.81) | 2.33a MN (0.85) | |
| 50 | 4.19b I (1.57) | 5.52ab H (0.74) | 5.79ab IJ (1.97) | 6.48a GH (1.24) | 6.51a FGH (0.48) | 6.98a GHI (0.27) | 0.38c M (1.68) | 1.09bc M (0.28) | 1.27b N (1.56) | 1.59b L (1.26) | 1.76b M (0.56) | 2.55a MN (1.28) | |
| 55 | 5.18c I (1.76) | 6.45bc H (1.92) | 6.51bc IJ (1.31) | 7.14ab GH (1.21) | 7.84ab FGH (1.25) | 8.30a GHI (1.64) | 0.43d M (0.92) | 1.16cd M (1.42) | 1.42bc N (1.07) | 1.73bc L (1.37) | 1.91b M (1.29) | 2.78a MN (1.17) | |
| 60 | 6.18c I (1.65) | 7.11c H (1.34) | 7.50c IJ (1.14) | 7.80bc GH (1.30) | 9.16ab FGH (1.64) | 9.63a GHI (1.03) | 0.49d M (1.72) | 1.24cd M (1.87) | 1.57bc N (1.81) | 1.88bc L (1.28) | 2.06b M (1.54) | 3.00a MN (1.89) | |
| Aflatoxin + Water | 25 | 0.28b I (0.62) | 1.48b H (1.46) | 2.72ab J (1.12) | 3.35a GH (1.78) | 3.36a GH (1.54) | 3.38a I (1.17) | 0.29c M (1.78) | 0.47c M (1.21) | 1.32bc N (0.47) | 1.47abc L (1.62) | 2.25ab M (1.74) | 2.46a MN (1.12) |
| 30 | 1.10c I (1.35) | 2.64bc H (1.82) | 3.23ab J (0.89) | 3.56ab GH (1.85) | 3.97ab FGH (1.34) | 4.19a HI (0.81) | 0.36c M (1.19) | 1.14bc M (1.91) | 1.56bc N (1.18) | 2.04ab L (1.27) | 2.41ab M (0.37) | 3.41a MN (1.23) | |
| 35 | 2.44c I (1.54) | 3.44bc H (0.99) | 4.80ab IJ (1.56) | 5.09a GH (0.65) | 5.49a FGH (0.37) | 5.85a GHI (0.53) | 1.20c M (1.33) | 1.23c M (1.02) | 2.26b MN (1.72) | 2.73ab KL (0.18) | 2.87ab M (1.29) | 3.34a MN (0.62) | |
| 40 | 3.76c I (1.98) | 4.76bc H (1.02) | 6.13ab IJ (1.44) | 6.48a GH (1.21) | 6.74a FGH (1.72) | 6.84a GHI (1.71) | 1.98c LM (1.27) | 2.69bc M (1.75) | 3.37ab MN (1.62) | 3.40ab KL (1.29) | 3.71a M (1.13) | 3.84a MN (1.91) | |
| 45 | 5.08c I (0.87) | 6.08bc H (1.16) | 7.45ab IJ (0.81) | 7.47ab GH (0.45) | 7.83a FGH (1.11) | 8.40a GHI (0.67) | 2.72c KLM (1.54) | 3.92b M (1.87) | 4.09ab MN (0.31) | 4.18ab KL (1.89) | 4.49ab M (1.82) | 4.96a MN (0.17) | |
| 50 | 6.41c I (1.43) | 7.41bc H (1.29) | 8.46ab IJ (1.01) | 8.77ab GH (1.26) | 8.82ab FGH (1.28) | 10.05a GHI (0.45) | 3.46b KLM (0.51) | 4.44b M (1.32) | 4.46b MN (1.85) | 5.60a KL (0.61) | 5.67a M (1.21) | 6.07a MN (1.62) | |
| 55 | 7.73c I (1.58) | 8.73bc H (1.73) | 9.46bc IJ (1.72) | 9.82b GH (0.28) | 10.10b FG (1.32) | 11.71a GH (1.49) | 4.21b KL (1.08) | 4.83b M (1.64) | 4.96b MN (0.11) | 6.72a KL (0.12) | 7.15a M (0.60) | 7.19a MN (1.51) | |
| 60 | 9.05c I (1.41) | 10.05bc H (0.86) | 10.45bc I (0.26) | 10.81bc G (0.17) | 11.42b F (1.19) | 13.36a G (1.23) | 4.95b K (1.43) | 5.20b M (1.30) | 5.48b M (1.28) | 7.84a K (0.84) | 8.31a M (1.35) | 8.64a M (1.11) | |
| Toxin + T. ammi leaves extract | 25 | 28.81c H (1.98) | 33.64c G (1.54) | 36.25bc H (1.1) | 43.17bc F (2.03) | 52.63ab E (2.96) | 62.16a F (1.21) | 34.60e J (1.72) | 39.06de L (1.21) | 44.27cd L (0.70) | 47.99bc J (0.19) | 51.71ab L (1.52) | 55.80a L (1.08) |
| 30 | 34.17c GH (1.84) | 37.51c G (1.65) | 38.34bc H (1.27) | 43.91bc F (1.46) | 55.02ab E (1.08) | 63.35a F (0.89) | 36.09d IJ (1.87) | 40.80cd L (1.61) | 46.50bc KL (1.17) | 50.22b IJ (0.85) | 53.45ab KL (0.59) | 57.66a KL (0.15) | |
| 35 | 38.34c FG (1.56) | 41.97c FG (1.87) | 42.50bc GH (1.18) | 47.48bc EF (1.49) | 58.29ab E (1.83) | 66.03a F (1.17) | 37.57d HIJ (1.65) | 43.03cd KL(1.98) | 48.73bc JKL(1.06) | 51.71b HIJ (0.97) | 54.93ab JKL (1.17) | 59.15a JKL (1.39) | |
| 40 | 45.53c EF (1.32) | 49.42c EF (1.21) | 49.35c FG (1.57) | 54.63bc DE (1.62) | 65.74ab D (1.74) | 73.18a E (1.87) | 39.06d G-J (1.97) | 45.26cd JK (1.53) | 50.97bc IJK (1.21) | 53.20b G-J (0.81) | 56.42ab IJK (0.43) | 60.64a IJK (1.17) | |
| 45 | 47.02c EF (1.70) | 52.99c DE (1.34) | 52.63c F (1.56) | 55.82bc D (1.39) | 66.33ab D (1.32) | 76.75a DE (1.25) | 40.55d F-I (1.78) | 47.49cd IJ (1.42) | 53.20bc HIJ (1.15) | 54.69b F-I (0.82) | 57.91ab HIJ (0.55) | 62.13a HIJ (1.19) | |
| 50 | 47.22c EF (1.65) | 52.18c DE (1.42) | 53.22c EF (1.19) | 56.71bc D (0.96) | 66.63b D (0.73) | 77.94a D (1.59) | 42.04d FGH(1.31) | 49.73c HI (1.87) | 55.43bc GHI (1.20) | 56.17bc FGH (1.28) | 59.40ab GHI (1.32) | 63.62a GHI (1.36) | |
| 55 | 49.70c DE (1.29) | 55.08c CDE (1.37) | 56.20bc DEF(1.17) | 59.99bc D (1.16) | 67.25ab C (1.1) | 78.24a D (1.04) | 43.53d FG (1.56) | 51.96c GH (1.42) | 57.66bc GH (0.86) | 57.66bc FG (1.14) | 60.89ab GH (1.07) | 65.10a GH (1.28) | |
| 60 | 51.79c DE (1.37) | 56.56c CDE (1.45) | 56.50c DEF (1.62) | 60.58bc D (1.79) | 68.51ab CD (2.13) | 79.43a CD (1.96) | 45.01d F (1.78) | 54.19c G (1.12) | 59.90abc G (1.58) | 59.15bc F (1.29) | 62.38ab G (1.19) | 66.59a G (1.09) | |
| Toxin + T. ammi leaves extract | 25 | 52.39d DE (1.21) | 55.39d CDE (1.08) | 61.86cd CDE (1.19) | 68.48bc C (1.23) | 73.21ab BC (1.37) | 79.77a CD (1.28) | 69.26b E (1.56) | 72.24ab F (1.67) | 75.22ab F (0.58) | 76.70a E (1.29) | 78.19a F (1.44) | 78.94a F (0.96) |
| 30 | 57.75d CD (1.38) | 59.26cd CD (1.55) | 63.94cd CD (1.73) | 69.22bc C (1.90) | 75.59ab B (1.12) | 80.97a CD (1.04) | 70.75c DE (1.45) | 73.98bc F (1.86) | 77.45abc EF(1.24) | 78.94ab DE (1.31) | 79.93ab EF (1.20) | 81.17a EF (1.17) | |
| 35 | 61.92d BC (1.67) | 63.72d BC (1.23) | 68.11cd BC (1.47) | 72.79bc BC (1.26) | 78.86ab B (1.16) | 83.65a C (1.02) | 72.24b CDE (1.54) | 76.21ab EF (1.38) | 79.68b DEF (1.63) | 80.42a CDE (1.51) | 81.42a DEF (1.65) | 82.66a DE (1.13) | |
| 40 | 69.11d AB (1.56) | 69.98d AB (1.87) | 74.96cd AB (1.23) | 79.94bc AB (1.22) | 86.31ab A (1.06) | 88.41a B (0.89) | 73.73b B-E (1.09) | 78.44ab DE (1.34) | 81.88a CDE (1.78) | 81.91a B-E (1.81) | 82.90a CDE (1.35) | 84.14a CDE (1.79) | |
| 45 | 70.60e AB (0.61) | 74.44de A (1.78) | 78.23cd A (0.99) | 81.13bc A (1.12) | 86.90ab A (1.34) | 91.98a AB (1.42) | 75.22b A-D (1.21) | 80.67ab CD (1.85) | 84.14a BCD (1.56) | 83.40a A-D (1.07) | 84.39a BCD (1.54) | 85.63a BCD (0.66) | |
| 50 | 70.44d AB (1.42) | 73.65d A (1.87) | 78.83c A (1.16) | 81.43c A (1.22) | 87.20b A (1.33) | 93.17a A (1.07) | 76.70b ABC(1.82) | 82.90ab BC (1.36) | 86.38a ABC (1.13) | 84.89a ABC (1.07) | 85.88a ABC (0.84) | 87.12a ABC (1.18) | |
| 55 | 72.09d A (1.66) | 75.78d A (1.32) | 81.81c A (0.85) | 84.70bc A (1.87) | 88.58ab A (1.34) | 93.47a A (1.19) | 78.19b AB (1.36) | 85.14ab AB (1.24) | 88.61a AB (1.02) | 86.38a AB (0.87) | 87.37a AB (1.72) | 88.61a AB (1.92) | |
| 60 | 72.69e A (1.09) | 77.27de A (1.75) | 82.11cd A (1.65) | 85.30bc A (1.82) | 89.09b A (1.73) | 94.66a A (1.22) | 79.68b A (1.52) | 87.37a A (1.31) | 90.84a A (1.82) | 87.86a A (1.30) | 88.86a A (1.67) | 90.10a A (1.17) | |
Values are mean of three replicates.
Small alphabetic letters with different values indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) in toxin reduction at different temperature and incubation periods in each row.
Capital alphabetic letters with different values indicate significant differences (p < 0.05) among controls and tested plant extracts at different temperature and incubation period in each column. Standard deviation values are shown in parenthesis.