Fatty acid-regulated CSF3 expression in human myotubes. (A) Human myotubes differentiated in vitro were treated for 24 h with the indicated fatty acids (0.5 mmol/L), and CSF3 mRNA expression was measured by RT-PCR. (B) G-CSF concentration was measured in the conditioned culture media. (C) CSF3, TNF, and IL6 mRNA contents were measured at different time-points in human myotubes treated with palmitate (0.5 mmol/L). (D) Human myotubes were treated for 24 h with the indicated palmitate concentrations, and CSF3 mRNA expression was measured. (E) CSF3 mRNA content was assessed in human myotubes treated with palmitate alone or in combination with oleate or linoleate, respectively (0.5 mmol/L each). Data are given as means ± SEM. Two-group comparisons were performed using matched-pairs Student's t-test (N ≥ 3; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).