Table 1.
Characteristics of patients who received general, spinal/neuroaxial, and mixed anesthesia for hip fracture surgery, 2009–2012 (n = 7,585). Values are % (n) unless otherwise specified
| Total n = 7,585 | General n = 4,257 | Spinal/neuroaxial n = 3,059 | Mixed n = 269 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | 0.2 | ||||
| Female | 71.4 (5,412) | 70.7 (3,008) | 72.5 (2,217) | 69.5 (187) | |
| Age, years | |||||
| Median age (IQR) | 80 (72–85) | 79 (71–84) | 80 (73–85) | 79 (71–84) | < 0.001 |
| 55–64 | 10.6 (804) | 11.7 (496) | 9.0 (274) | 12.6 (34) | < 0.001 |
| 65–74 | 20.7 (1,571) | 21.4 (912) | 19.6 (599) | 22.3 (60) | |
| 75–89 | 68.7 (5,210) | 66.9 (2,849) | 71.5 (2,186) | 65.1 (175) | |
| Race a | 0.08 | ||||
| White | 79.8 (6,040) | 78.9 (3,349) | 80.8 (2,469) | 82.5 (222) | |
| Non-white | 20.2 (1,526) | 21.1 (893) | 19.2 (586) | 17.5 (47) | |
| BMI a | |||||
| Median BMI (IQR) | 23.7 (20.8–27.1) | 23.8 (20.8–27.2) | 23.5 (20.6–26.8) | 23.4 (20.7–26.6) | 0.004 |
| < 18.5 (underweight) | 9.7 (735) | 9.2 (391) | 10.2 (311) | 12.3 (33) | 0.02 |
| 18.5–24.9 (normal) | 50.5 (3,812) | 49.8 (2,111) | 51.1 (1,554) | 54.9 (147) | |
| 25.0–29.9 (overweight) | 27.8 (2,099) | 28.1 (1,191) | 27.9 (849) | 22.0 (59) | |
| ≥ 30.0 (obese) | 12.0 (904) | 12.9 (546) | 10.8 (329) | 10.8 (29) | |
| ASA score a | |||||
| Median score (IQR) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.002 |
| 1 or 2 | 33.7 (2,473) | 32.4 (1,270) | 35.9 (1,006) | 37.3 (90) | 0.008 |
| 3 or more | 66.3 (4,857) | 67.5 (2,639) | 64.1 (1,795) | 62.7 (151) | |
| Comorbidity b | |||||
| Any | 93.9 (7,120) | 93.8 (3,994) | 94.0 (2,875) | 93.3 (251) | 0.9 |
| Total c, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.4 |
| Valvular disease | 9.2 (696) | 10.3 (439) | 7.5 (230) | 10.0 (27) | < 0.001 |
| Paralysis | 4.7 (353) | 5.7 (242) | 3.3 (100) | 4.1 (11) | < 0.001 |
| Neurological disorders | 19.7 (1,496) | 21.3 (905) | 17.9 (548) | 16.0 (43) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 22.3 (1,692) | 19.5 (829) | 25.5 (780) | 30.9 (83) | < 0.001 |
| Hypothyroidism | 18.2 (1,380) | 17.1 (730) | 19.7 (604) | 17.1 (46) | 0.02 |
| Metastatic cancer | 2.2 (168) | 2.2 (93) | 2.1 (64) | 4.1 (11) | 0.1 |
| Coagulopathy | 7.0 (533) | 7.6 (322) | 6.4 (196) | 5.6 (15) | 0.1 |
| Chronic blood-loss anemia | 4.0 (305) | 3.4 (144) | 4.9 (149) | 4.5 (12) | 0.006 |
| Diabetes d | 22.5 (1,703) | 23.0 (977) | 22.1 (676) | 18.6 (50) | 0.2 |
| Procedure | < 0.001 | ||||
| Internal fixation | 61.3 (4,653) | 63.4 (2,699) | 58.4 (1,785) | 62.8 (169) | |
| Total hip arthroplasty | 3.0 (229) | 2.7 (114) | 3.3 (101) | 5.2 (14) | |
| Hemiarthroplasty | 35.2 (2,667) | 33.4 (1,422) | 38.1 (1,165) | 29.7 (80) | |
| Other | 0.5 (36) | 0.5 (22) | 0.3 (8) | 2.2 (6) |
IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anaesthesiologists.
Missing data: BMI, n = 35 (0.5%); race, n = 23 (0.3%); ASA score, n = 634 (8.4%).
Identified using the Elixhauser comorbidy index algorithm.
Total number of Elixhauser comorbidities (i.e. comorbidity burden). Comorbidities included: congestive heart failure, valvular disease, pulmonary circulation disease, peripheral vascular disease, paralysis, neurological disorders, chronic pulmonary disease, diabetes with and/or without chronic complications, hypothyroidism, liver disease, peptic ulcer disease with bleeding, acquired immune deficiency syndrome, lymphoma, metastatic cancer, solid tumor without metastasis, rheumatoid arthritis, coagulopathy, obesity, weight loss, fluid and electrolyte disorders, chronic blood-loss anemia, deficiency anemia, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, psychoses, depression, and hypertension.
Data reported are from the Kaiser Permanente regional diabetes registries.