Table 1.
Measured metabolite rates during defatting period (µg/106 cells/day) *.
| Metabolite | Reaction Number | Lean Normoxia | DMEM Normoxia | Defat Normoxia | Defat Hyperoxia |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glycolysis | |||||
| Glucose uptake | 1 | 9.49 ± 1.19 | −1.63 ± 0.15 | 0.53 ± 0.18 | 0.70 ± 0.32 |
| Lactate uptake | 8 | −14.90 ± 1.09 | −1.28 ± 0.08 | 2.33 ± 0.33 | 4.80 ± 1.48 |
| Ketone Bodies | |||||
| Acetoacetate release | 19 | −0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.91 ± 0.45 | 3.06 ± 1.11 | 3.88 ± 1.39 |
| Beta−hydroxybutyrate release | 20 | −0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.75 ± 0.13 | 2.71 ± 0.61 | 3.83 ± 1.15 |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation | |||||
| Oxygen uptake | 21 | 3.79 ± 1.86 | 3.79 ± 1.86 | 3.79 ± 1.86 | 22.15 ± 7.16 |
| Amino Acid Metabolism | |||||
| Serine (Ser) uptake | 28 | 0.010 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.000 | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.011 ± 0.002 |
| Glutamine (Gln) uptake | 30 | 0.125 ± 0.040 | 0.106 ± 0.014 | 0.057 ± 0.005 | 0.082 ± 0.010 |
| Histidine (His) uptake | 31 | 0.018 ± 0.009 | 0.020 ± 0.009 | 0.023 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.001 |
| Aspartic acid (Asp) uptake | 32 | 0.013 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.001 | 0.010 ± 0.004 | 0.013 ± 0.002 |
| Glutamic acid (Glu) uptake | 33 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.012 ± 0.002 |
| Glycine (Gly) uptake | 34 | 0.002 ± 0.000 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.002 ± 0.000 |
| Ammonia (NH3+NH4+) uptake | 36 | −2.530 ± 0.091 | −2.530 ± 1.081 | −2.530 ± 0.987 | 0.540 ± 0.245 |
| Arginine (Arg) uptake | 37 | 0.016 ± 0.008 | 0.064 ± 0.010 | 0.049 ± 0.022 | 0.040 ± 0.013 |
| Threonine (Thr) uptake | 38 | 0.022 ± 0.001 | 0.016 ± 0.001 | 0.013 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.006 |
| Alanine (Ala) uptake | 39 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.005 ± 0.000 | 0.002 ± 0.001 |
| Proline (Pro) uptake | 41 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.010 ± 0.000 | 0.009 ± 0.004 |
| Cysteine (Cys) uptake | 42 | 0.008 ± 0.003 | 0.007 ± 0.003 | 0.014 ± 0.007 | 0.005 ± 0.001 |
| Tyrosine (Tyr) uptake | 43 | 0.014 ± 0.001 | 0.011 ± 0.005 | 0.021 ± 0.007 | 0.008 ± 0.000 |
| Valine (Val) uptake | 45 | 0.003 ± 0.001 | 0.023 ± 0.009 | 0.018 ± 0.007 | 0.008 ± 0.003 |
| Ornithine (Orn) uptake | 46 | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.007 ± 0.000 | 0.001 ± 0.000 | 0.004 ± 0.001 |
| Lysine (Lys) uptake | 47 | 0.028 ± 0.002 | 0.036 ± 0.016 | 0.042 ± 0.018 | 0.039 ± 0.001 |
| Isoleucine (Ile) uptake | 48 | 0.029 ± 0.014 | 0.018 ± 0.006 | 0.018 ± 0.005 | 0.023 ± 0.001 |
| Leucine (Leu) uptake | 49 | 0.022 ± 0.008 | 0.024 ± 0.011 | 0.009 ± 0.001 | 0.021 ± 0.005 |
| Phenylalanine (Phe) uptake | 50 | 0.020 ± 0.002 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.009 ± 0.004 | 0.016 ± 0.001 |
| Lipid Metabolism | |||||
| Glycerol uptake | 24 | −63.39 ± 2.02 | 30.32 ± 3.92 | 27.42 ± 3.71 | −23.14 ± 9.40 |
| Triglyceride (TG) uptake # | 27 | −0.75 ± 0.22 | −20.10 ± 1.52 | −36.35 ± 1.96 | −44.27 ± 10.58 |
| Cholesterol ester uptake | 74 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | 0.003 ± 0.002 | 0.005 ± 0.002 | 0.008 ± 0.002 |
| Free fatty acid (FFA) uptake | 84 | 0.000 ± 0.000 | 0.000 ± 0.000 | 0.000 ± 0.000 | 0.000 ± 0.000 |
| Cholesterol uptake | 90 | 3.24 ± 0.21 | 6.72 ± 2.24 | 3.72 ± 1.59 | 2.91 ± 1.40 |
* All metabolites were measured in the culture medium. A negative value indicates a flux in the direction opposite to that shown in Figure 6. All values report uptake rates, with the exception of the ketone bodies, which show release rates into the medium; # Represents uptake into the intracellular lipid droplet pool.