Table 4.
Microbicidal effects of LL-37.
| Microbes 1 | Bacteria Gram +/− (B+/−) Virus (V) Yeast (Y) |
References: Concentration 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Adenovirus (Ad) | V | Gordon et al. [160]: 111 μM |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | B− | Moffatt et al. [171]: 1.1 μM |
| Garcia-Quintanilla et al. [172]: 0.67 μM | ||
| Actinobacillus | B− | Ouhara et al. [173]: ~0.26–0.52 μM |
| Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans | B− | Tanaka et al. [174]: ~2.2–2.7 |
| Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans | B− | Ouhara et al. [173]: 2.2 μM |
| Bacillus anthracis | B− | Thwaite et al. [175]: 22 μM |
| Borrelia burgdorferi | Not applicable 3 | Lusitani et al. [176]: 8.8 μM |
| Borrelia spp | Not applicable 3 | Sambri et al. [169]: 100 μM |
| Burkholderia pseudomallei | B− | Kanthawong et al. [177]: 100 μM |
| Burkholderia thailandensis | B− | Kanthawong et al. [178]: 100 μM |
| Candida albicans | Y | Tsai et al. [179,180]: 8.9 μM |
| Capnocytophaga gingivalis | B− | Tanaka et al. [174]: 2.0 μM |
| Capnocytophaga ochracea | B− | Tanaka et al. [174]: 2.4 μM |
| Chlamydia trachomatis | B− | Tang et al. [181]: 20 μM |
| Clostridium difficile | B+ | McQuade et al. [182]: 10.7 μM |
| Enterococcus faecalis | B+ | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 12.5 μM |
| Escherichia coli | B− | Benincasa et al. [184]: 5 μM |
| Smeianov et al. [168]: 25 μM | ||
| Leszczynska et al. [185]: 5.6 μM | ||
| Chen et al. [186]: 0.07 μM | ||
| Kai-Larsen et al. [187]: 20 μM | ||
| Nagaoka et al. [188]: ~1-2 μM | ||
| Fusobacterium nucleatum | B− | Ouhara et al. [173]: 0.22 μM |
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 49.8 μM | ||
| Haemophilus influenzae | B− | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 12.5 μM |
| Lysenko et al. [189]: 2.2 μM | ||
| Helicobacter pylori | B− | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 6.2 μM |
| Leszczynska et al. [185]: 2.2 μM | ||
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 | V | Gordon et al. [160]: 111 μM |
| HIV-1 | V | Wang et al. [135]: 1.6 μM |
| Bergman et al. [134]: 11.1 μM | ||
| Influenza A virus (IAV) | V | Tripathi et al. [190]: 13 μM |
| Barlow et al. [191]: 11.1 μM | ||
| Tripathi et al. [192]: 6.7 μM | ||
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | B− | De Majumdar et al. [193]: >11.1 μM |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | B− | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 6.2 μM |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae | B− | Bergman et al. [194]: 0.8 μM |
| Neisseria meningitidis | B− | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 12.5 μM for strain B |
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 24.9 μM for strain C | ||
| Jones et al. [195]: 10 μM | ||
| Peptostreptococcus anaerobius | B+ | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 49.8 μM |
| Porphyromonas gingivalis | B− | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 49.8 μM |
| Ouhara et al. [173]: 11.1 μM | ||
| Prevotella intermedia | B− | Ouhara et al. [173]: 1.1 μM |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | B− | Bergsson et al. [196]: 5.6 μM |
| Dean et al. [197]: 0.22 μM | ||
| Dosler and Karaaslan [198]: ~14.2–28.4 μM | ||
| Gordon et al. [160]: ~11.1–22.2 μM | ||
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 99.7 μM | ||
| Respiratory syncytial virus | V | Currie et al. [199]: 5.6 μM |
| Staphylococcus aureus | B+ | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 6.2 μM |
| Noore et al. [200]: 2 μM | ||
| Chen et al. [186]: 0.67 μM | ||
| Senyurek et al. [201]: 11.1 μM | ||
| Nagaoka et al. [188]: 1 μM | ||
| Gordon et al. [160]: ~11.1–22.2 μM | ||
| Staphylococcus epidermidis | B+ | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 12.5 μM |
| Gordon et al. [160]: ~11.1–22.2 μM | ||
| Streptococcus mitis | B+ | Ouhara et al. [173]: 2.2 μM |
| Streptococcus mutans | B+ | Ouhara et al. [173]: 0.22 μM |
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 6.2 μM | ||
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | B+ | Nagaoka et al. [188]: 1 μM |
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 3.1 μM | ||
| Streptococcus pyogenes | B+ | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 3.1 μM |
| Streptococcus salivarius | B+ | Ouhara et al. [173]: 1.1 μM |
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 6.2 μM | ||
| Streptococcus sanguis | B+ | Ouhara et al. [173]: 0.22 μM |
| Leszczynska et al. [183]: 6.2 μM | ||
| Streptococcus sobrinus | B+ | Ouhara et al. [173]: 1.1 μM |
| Tannerella forsythensis | B+ | Leszczynska et al. [183]: 49.8 μM |
| Treponema pallidum | B- | Sambri et al. [169]: 100.1 μM |
| Ureaplasma parvum | NA 3 | Xiao et al. [202]: 22.2 μM |
| Ureaplasma urealyticum | NA 3 | Xiao et al. [202]: 22.2 μM |
| Vaccinia virus | V | Howell et al. [203]: 20 μM |
| Varicella zoster virus (VZV) | V | Crack et al. [204]: 0.1 μM |
1 Highlighted microbes: blue causing STI; green causing vaginitis; Red causing UTI; Pink causing vaginitis and UTI. 2 Concentrations of LL-37 given are those that exert microbicidal effects on ≥90% of the microbes. In some cases where this information is not clearly described in the publication, estimated concentrations are given. 3 NA = not applicable; Borrelia spp. and Ureaplasma spp. do not react well with the Gram stain.