Figure 1.

Interaction of important key players in exercise mediated glucose uptake of human muscle cells. A proposed model for the key players in glucose transport after physical exercise. αPKC, atypical PKC; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; AS160, Akt substrate of 160 kDa; Ca, calcium; CaMKII, Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2; Cr, creatine; GLUT-4, glucose transporter 4; HDAC4/5, histone deacetylase 4/5; IL-6, interleukin 6; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; LKB-1, liver kinase B1; MEF2, myocyte enhancer factor-2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinases; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin (C1 complex 1 and C2 complex 2); PDK, phosphoinositide-dependent kinase; PI3-K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PKB, protein kinase B; Rac1, ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1; TBC1D1, TBC1 domain family member 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; WAT, white adipose tissue.