Table 5.
Influence of exercise on inflammatory signaling and adiponectin in animal models.
| Reference | Animals, n | Age, week | Training modality | Type of sport | Training frequency | Acute/chronic exercise | Training intensity | Tissue & condition | Time since the last exercise bout, h | Changes in cytokines and related inflammatory signaling∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oliveira et al., 2011 [69] | Male Wistar rats with HFD | 8 | ET | Swimming | 2 × 180 min | Acute | Additional weight of 5% of body weight | Adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue | 2, 16, 24, and 36 h after exercise | Decrease in TLR4 mRNA and protein expression in all tissues and reduction in JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation in adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue; decrease of TNF-α and IL-6 mRNA levels in all tissues |
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| Castellani et al., 2015 [74] | Male untrained C57BL/6J mice, trained male C57BL/6J mice |
10 14 |
ET | Treadmill running | 120 min | Acute | 15 m/min–19 m/min (50% maximal running speed) | Adipose tissue & plasma | Immediately and 4 h after exercise | Increase of IL-6 and IL-6 Rα protein expression (3-fold) after exercise, more pronounced in trained mice compared to untrained mice |
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| Whitham et al., 2012 [81] | Male untrained C57BL/6 mice (CON), male untrained C57BL/6 mice with JNK-KO (JNK-KO) |
n.r. | ET | Treadmill running | 30–60 min | Acute | 0.22–0.25 m/s | Muscle | Immediately and 30 min after exercise | Increase of muscle IL-6 mRNA expression 30 min after exercise in CON; no change of muscle IL-6 mRNA expression 30 min after exercise in JNK-KO |
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| Macpherson et al., 2015 [75] | Male untrained C57BL/6J mice fed with HFD | 7 | ET | Treadmill running | 120 min | Acute | 15 m/min - 5% incline | Adipose tissue | Immediately and 2 h after exercise | Increase of MCP-1 mRNA (2-fold) immediately after exercise and increase of IL-6, MCP-1 (10-fold) and IL-10 (5-fold) mRNA after 2 hours |
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| Kawanishi et al., 2013 [62] | 12 male C57BL/6J mice with HFD, 12 C57BL/6J mice with ND | 4 | ET | Treadmill running | 5 × 60 min | Chronic (16 week) | 15 m/min–20 m/min | Adipose tissue & liver | 72 h after exercise | Higher levels of TNFα mRNA (4.0-fold) and IL-6 mRNA (2.5-fold) in HFD sedentary mice compared to ND mice after chronic exercise |
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| Cho et al., 2016 [94] | 10 untrained C57BL/6 mice with HFD | 15 | HIT | Treadmill running | 40 min | Chronic (8 weeks) | 10–17 m/min | Muscle | Immediately after exercise | Prevention of downregulation of AdipoR1 expression caused by HFD |
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| Ritchie et al., 2014 [53] | Male wild-type (WT, C57BL/6J), adiponectin knockout (AdKO, B6.129-Adipoqtm1Chan/J) mice | 12 | ET | Treadmill running | 3 × 45–60 min | Chronic (8 weeks) | 5 × 20–32 m/min | Muscle | 48 h after exercise | Increase in total AS160 from AdKO (44%) compared to WT mice (28%); no differences in total GLUT4 |
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| da Luz et al., 2011 [67] | Obese DIO rats | n.r. | ET | Swimming | 5 × 60 min | Chronic (8 weeks) | Additional weight of 5% of body weight | Adipose tissue & hepatic tissue | Immediately after exercise | Decrease of JNK, IκB, and NF-κB activity and protein expression and increase of IRS-1, insulin receptor, and Akt phosphorylation after chronic exercise in adipose and hepatic tissue |
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| Medeiros et al., 2011 [68] | Obese Wistar rats with HFD | n.r. | ET | Swimming | n.r. | Chronic (12 weeks) | n.r. | Adipose tissue | n.r. | Increase in Akt (2.3-fold) and Foxo1 (1.7-fold) phosphorylation, reduction in phospho-JNK (1.9-fold), NF-kB (1.6-fold) and PTP-1B (1.5-fold) protein expression, and increase in mTOR (1.7-fold), p70S6k (1.9-fold), and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation (1.4-fold) after exercise training |
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| Oliveira et al., 2011 [69] | Male Wistar rats with HFD | 8 | ET | Swimming | 5 × 60 min | Chronic (8 weeks) | Additional weight of 5% of body weight | Adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue | 24 and 36 h after exercise | Decrease in TLR4 mRNA and protein expression and reduction of JNK and IKKβ phosphorylation in adipose, muscle & hepatic tissue; Increase of insulin-stimulated IRS-1 and insulin receptor and Akt phosphorylation, decrease of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA level in all tissues |
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| Passos et al., 2015 [85] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats with HFD | 5-6 | ET | Treadmill running | 5 × 60 min | Chronic (8 weeks) | 15–25 m/min | Plasma | Immediately after exercise | Decrease in JNK activation and total JNK level in HFD compared to sedentary HFD |
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| Mardare et al., 2016 [80] | Male C57BL/6 mice | 10 | ET | Treadmill running | 5 × 30 min | Chronic (10 weeks) | 80% VO2max | Serum & adipose tissue | 72 h after exercise | Decrease of IL-18 and TNF-α expression in adipose tissue |
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| Mardare et al., 2016 [80] | Male C57BL/6 mice | 10 | RT | Isometric strength training | 5 × 3 min with 3 sets | Chronic (10 weeks) | n.r. | Serum & adipose tissue | 72 h after exercise | Decrease of IL-18 serum levels |
∗All changes given in the table were statistically significant; CON, controls; DIO, diet-induced obesity; ES, electrical stimulation; ET, endurance training; GLUT4, glucose transporter 4; HFD, high fed diet; HI, high-intensity; HIT, high-intensity interval training; hs-CRP, high-sensitive C-reactive protein; IκBα/β, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha/beta; IL-6, interleukin 6; IL-6 Rα, interleukin 6 receptor α; IL-10, interleukin 10; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate 1; JNK, C-Jun N-terminal kinase; MCP-1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; mRNA, messenger RNA; ND, normal diet; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa; n.r., not reported; RT, resistance training; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4.