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Molecular events leading to cardiac and vascular dysfunction during reduced 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D availability. Scheme showing different biochemical events underlying the clinical manifestations of vitamin D deficiency and reduced availability of 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3. PTH, parathyroid hormone; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; ANP, atrial natriuretic peptide.
