Table S2.
The 55 largest inferred antigenic effects of substitutions in HA1 for A(H3N2) in the past 30 y as inferred by the substitution model in overlapping 10 y intervals
| Substitutions | 1985–1995 | 1990–2000 | 1995–2005 | 2000–2010 | 2005–2016 |
| K156E* | — | 3.4 | — | — | — |
| K158N/N189K* | — | — | — | 2.59 | 3.28 |
| C1R*,† | — | 3.23 | — | — | — |
| K189N* | — | — | — | 2.96 | 2.45 |
| S262N | — | 2.48 | 0.0 | — | 0.05 |
| K158R* | — | — | — | 1.95 | 2.01 |
| C2*,† | — | — | 1.98 | — | — |
| K135G | 1.95 | 1.95 | — | — | — |
| C1*,† | — | 1.94 | — | — | — |
| N145K* | 1.91 | 0.0 | 0.48 | 0.53 | — |
| K140E | — | — | 1.59 | 1.33 | — |
| K193N* | 1.56 | — | — | — | — |
| H155Y/R189K* | 1.55 | — | — | — | — |
| I186S | 1.54 | — | — | — | — |
| V186G | — | — | — | 0.0 | 1.52 |
| Y155H/K189R* | 1.48 | — | — | — | — |
| K145N* | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.45 | 1.2 | — |
| S193F/D225N* | — | — | — | 1.4 | — |
| S133D/E156K* | — | 1.37 | — | — | — |
| T135G | — | 1.34 | — | — | — |
| R189S* | 1.28 | 0.93 | — | — | — |
| C3† | 1.27 | — | — | — | — |
| T262N | 1.25 | 0.35 | — | — | — |
| S157L | 0.09 | 0.7 | — | — | 1.23 |
| E190D | 0.0 | 1.21 | — | — | — |
| N121T | — | — | 1.2 | — | — |
| K135T | — | 1.19 | — | — | — |
| K156E/D190E* | 1.18 | — | — | — | — |
| S133D | 1.16 | — | — | — | — |
| T135K | — | 0.0 | 1.16 | — | — |
| K140I | — | — | — | 1.15 | 1.1 |
| Q156H* | — | — | 1.14 | 0.75 | — |
| K62E/N276K | — | — | 1.11 | — | — |
| G186S | — | — | 1.07 | — | — |
| N144K | — | — | — | 1.06 | 0.0 |
| L226V | — | 0.22 | 1.06 | — | — |
| K144D | — | — | — | — | 1.06 |
| M260I | — | — | — | 1.05 | 0.0 |
| F159Y* | — | — | 0.25 | 0.39 | 1.04 |
| S193N* | 1.03 | — | 0.46 | 0.0 | — |
| S189R* | — | 0.98 | — | — | — |
| T212S | — | — | — | — | 0.98 |
| K135E | 0.94 | 0.88 | — | — | — |
| T212A | — | — | — | 0.94 | 0.59 |
| C4*,† | — | — | 0.92 | 0.15 | — |
| K156H* | — | — | 0.91 | — | — |
| R142G | — | — | 0.91 | 0.32 | 0.23 |
| M242I | — | — | 0.91 | — | — |
| Y159F* | — | — | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.0 |
| I112V/S193F* | — | — | — | — | 0.88 |
| N145S* | — | — | — | 0.21 | 0.88 |
| F159S* | — | — | — | — | 0.88 |
| L157S/S189R* | 0.87 | — | — | — | — |
| S159Y* | 0.0 | — | — | — | 0.85 |
| K144N | — | — | — | — | 0.85 |
When several substitutions always occurred together, a combined effect is shown. Columns involving substitutions at Koel 7 sites are marked with an asterisk. A dash indicates the absence of the substitution in a particular time interval. The substitutions are sorted by the maximum across time intervals.
†
C1: K62E, V144I, K156Q, E158K, V196A, N276K; C1R: E62K, N121T, S124G, N133D, R142G, I144V, Q156K, K158E, A196V, K276N, i.e., largely the reverse of cluster C1; C2: S124G, N133D, I144V, Q156K, K276N a subset of cluster C1; C3: K82E, E83K, A131T, R299K; C4: I25L, Q75H, T131A, T155H.