Table 1.
Proteins involved in NAFLD and potential markers for NAFLD.
| Research Context | Protein | Implications and Findings | Study | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cell Cycle | Cyclin B1 CDK1 |
Polyploidy in mononuclear cell populations is an early event in NAFLD development. | Gentric, Maillet et al. [11] | 2015 |
| Fibrosis | Fibrillin TGF-β CYR61 Wnt-5a Lumican Fibrinogenγ FGF2 |
Mechanisms underlying fibrotic processes. Early marker of a profibrotic state in patients with NAFLD. |
Lorena, Darby et al. [15] | 2004 |
| Rashid, Humphries et al. [14] | 2012 | |||
| Fitzpatrick and Dhawan [57] | 2014 | |||
| Younossi, Baranova et al. [63] | 2005 | |||
| Apoptosis | Cytochrome b5 Annexin A5 Annexin A6 Bax Caspase 3 Caspase 8 |
Important role for cell death mechanisms in hepatocytes. | Jayaraman, Roberts et al. [17] | 2005 |
| Yamaguchi, Chen et al. [18] | 2004 | |||
| Zhu, Xie et al. [19] | 2014 | |||
| Sabapathy, Hochedlinger et al. [30] | 2004 | |||
| Lipid synthesis | SREBP-1 ChREBP-1 PPARγ Acetyl-CoA Glycerol-3-phosphate Fetuin A Fetuin B |
Adaptive pathways of hepatic lipid export and catabolism. Hepatocytes are subjected to an important oxidative stress. Promote lipid-induced insulin resistance. |
Anderson and Borlak [23] | 2008 |
| Al Sharif, Alov et al. [24] | 2014 | |||
| Ehx, Gerin et al. [38] | 2014 | |||
| Inflammation | NF-κB TNF-α IL-1 MAPK1 JNK |
Promote insulin resistance, Kupffer cells activation, cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, intracellular oxidative stress. | Cai, Yuan et al. [25] | 2005 |
| Wang, Liu et al. [26] | 2015 | |||
| Lim, Dillon et al. [29] | 2014 | |||
| β-Oxidation | ECHS1 | Lipid accumulation in NAFLD. | Zhang, Yang et al. [33] | 2010 |
| Lewis, Hagstrom et al. [34] | 2002 | |||
| Oxidative stress | ALDH2 HMGCS2 Hemoglobin Haptoglobin |
Acetyl-CoA consumption and oxidative stress as molecular markers of hepatic steatosis. Catalyze the accumulation of iron in excess. |
Douette, Navet et al. [36] | 2005 |
| Peinado, Diaz-Ruiz et al. [37] | 2014 | |||
| Antioxidants | SOD2 SOD1 |
Protective role in mitochondrial DNA depletion, and hepatic ATP content. | Mansouri, Tarhuni et al. [47] | 2010 |
| Kessova, et al. [48] | 2003 | |||
| Lipid droplets | CYP2E1 CYP4A11 CYP2C9 |
Enzymes involved in mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of NAFLD. | Su, Wang et al. [54] | 2014 |
| Lipid metabolism | FABP-1 | Intracellular fatty acid transport, cholesterol and phospholipid metabolism, and plays an important facilitative role in hepatic fatty acid oxidation. | Binas and Erol Higuchi [58] | 2007 |
| Kato et al. [59] | 2011 |
Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), Cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family, Member 5A (Wnt-5a), Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2), BCL2-Associated X Protein (Bax), Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP-1), Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein 1 (ChREBP-1), Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 (IL-1), Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), Enoyl-CoA hydratase short chain 1 (ECHS1), Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 (HMGCS2), Superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily E member 1 (CYP2E1), Cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily A member 11 (CYP4A11), Cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily C member 9 (CYP2C9) and Fatty acid binding protein 1 (FABP-1).