. 2016 Mar 16;17(3):390. doi: 10.3390/ijms17030390

Table 4.

Literature review of recent quality of life studies using the EuroQoL-5D scale in stroke.

Study	Year	Country	Follow-up	n	Stroke Type	Utility or Equivalent	VAS	Sex	Age	NIHSS	Multivariate (Worse Quality of Life)	Other
Sturm, J.W., et al. [10]	2004	Australia	2 years	225	Ischaemic and haemorrhagic	0.47 (95% CI 0.42–0.52)	N.A.	Females worse (sig.)	Old age worse (sig.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	Age, sex, NIHSS, and socioecon. status	–
Haacke, C., et al. [11]	2006	Germany	4 years	54	Ischaemic	0.68 ± 0.33	56.5	Females worse (n.s.)	Old age worse (sig.)	N.A.	IB, anal continence, continence and depression.	Worse with lower IB, higher mRS, impairment (MMSE) and depression.
Xie, J., et al. [12]	2006	USA	>1 year	1040	Stroke	0.69 (SE 0.01)	61.6 (SE 0.08)	Females worse	Worse in old age	N.A.	N.A.	–
Pinto, E.B., et al. [13]	2011	Brazil	2 years	67	Stroke	0.52 ± 0.36	N.A.	N.A.	No correlation with age (n.s.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	N.A.	–
Hansson, E.E., et al. [14]	2012	Sweden	1 year	283	Stroke	0.5 ± 0.39	62.5 ± 21.8	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	–
López-Bastida, J., et al. [15]	2012	Canary Islands, Spain	1 year	94	Stroke	0.49 ± 0.42	56 ± 27	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Quality of life does not change in 1–2–3 years.
			2 years	205		0.47 ± 0.44	51.6 ± 27
			3 years	149		0.46 ± 0.45	55 ± 25
Hornslien, A.G., et al. [16] (SCAST)	2012	Northern Europe	6 months	870	Stroke: Candesartan Placebo	0.74 (0.59–0.88) 0.78 (0.62–0.88)	66 ± 20	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	MMSE: 28 (25–29); Does not compare it with quality of life.
Hornslien, A.G., et al. [16] (SCAST)	2012	Northern Europe	6 months	882	Stroke: Candesartan Placebo	0.74 (0.59–0.88) 0.78 (0.62–0.88)	67.3 ± 19	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	MMSE: 28 (25–29); Does not compare it with quality of life.
Luengo-Fernández, R., et al. [17] (OXVASC)	2013	UK	1 month	314	Ischaemic stroke	0.64 ± 0.33	N.A.	Females worse (sig.)	Old age worse (sig.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	Sex, Age, NIHSS, risk factors, stroke type	Does not vary in 1–5 years.
			1 year			0.70 ± 0.27
			2 years			0.66 ± 0.29
			5 years			0.67 ± 0.31
Sprigg, N., et al. [18] (ENOS)	2013	Countries worldwide	3 months	2238	Ischaemic and haemorrhagic	N.A.	65.8 ± 22.4	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Worse with lower IB, higher mRS, impairment (MMSE) and depression.
Wang, Y.-L., et al. [19] (CHANCE)	2014	China	3 months	5104	TIAs	0.88 ± 0.21	84 ± 15	Females worse (sig.)	Old age worse (sig.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	Age, hypertension, DM, NIHSS, and various treatments	Worse at higher mRS.
Wang, Y.-L., et al. [19] (CHANCE)	2014	China	3 months	5104	TIAs	0.88 ± 0.21	89 (80–85)	Females worse (sig.)	Old age worse (sig.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	Age, hypertension, DM, NIHSS, and various treatments	Worse at higher mRS.
Golicki, D., et al. [20]	2014	Poland	4 months	112	Stroke	0.691 ± 0.267	60.7 ± 22.4	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Correlation with Barthel and mRS
Golicki, D., et al. [20]	2014	Poland	4 months	112	Stroke	0.691 ± 0.267	60 (45.5–80)	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	N.A.	Correlation with Barthel and mRS
Bushnell, C.D., et al. [21]	2014	USA	1 year	1370	Ischaemic (including TIAs)	0.83 (0.74–1)	N.A.	Females worse (sig.)	N.A.	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	NIHSS and sex	No changes in quality of life during 1 year
Current study	2015	Spain	2 years	163	First ischaemic stroke	0.63 ± 0.28	64.4 ± 25 70 (50–85)	Females worse (sig.)	Old age worse (sig.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	Age, treatment with citicoline	–
Current study	2015	Spain	2 years	163	First ischaemic stroke	0.70 (0.59–0.79)		Females worse (sig.)	Old age worse (sig.)	Worse with higher NIHSS (sig.)	Age, treatment with citicoline	–

N.A.: Not Available; n.s.: not significant; sig.: statistically significant; CI: Confidence interval; SE: Standard error; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination.