Table 2.

Tumor associated proteins in EVs/exosomes derived from human tumor cell lines^a

Not cell-type specificb	EV cell source	Biological effects	Reference
Tetraspanins: CD9, CD63, CD81	Normal or tumor cells	Exosome sorting	134, 135
Heat shock proteins: Hsp70, HSP90	Various tumor cells	Exosome antigenicity	54,136
Biogenesis associated: TSG-101, ALIX	Normal or tumor cells	Exosome formation	26, 136
Membrane transport: anexins, flotellin, caveolin-1, Rab GTPase	Normal or tumor cells	Exosome release	137, 138, 139
Immune cell apoptosis FasL, TRAIL, galectin-9	Various tumor cells	Immune suppression by exosomes	32, 34, 35 124, 140
Cancer cell-associatedc	Tumor type	Pro-tumor effects	Reference
Amplified oncogenes (K-ras mut)	CRC	Oncogene transfer	40–44
EGFRVIII mut	GBM	Growth	141, 142
IDH1, IDH2 mut	GBM, meduloblastoma	Growth, invasion	141, 143, 144
Amphiregulin	BRCA, CRC	Growth, invasion	145
Survivin		Inhibits apoptosis	146
GD2 ganglioside	NB	Immune suppression	146
FGF-2	Meduloblastoma	Growth	143
LMP-1	NPC	Signal Transduction	148
MUC-1	BRCA	Growth, invasion	149
Del-1	Mesothelioma	Angiogenesis	143
EpCAM	CRC	Growth, invasion	96
TGF-β	GBM, BRCA	Immune Suppression	142
	Mesothelioma	Stroma remodeling	61, 62
VEGF, TIMP 1, MMP-9	GBM	Growth, invasion, stroma	44

Abbreviations: GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; med bl, medulloblastoma; BRCA, breast carcinoma; NB, neuroblastoma; NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; CRC, colorectal cancer.

^aEVs were isolated from supernatants of tumor cell lines by various methods, without discrimination of larger EVs from smaller exosomes.

^bThe proteins listed are present in EVs isolated from tumor cells at higher levels compared to those observed in EVs obtained from normal cells.

^cThe list of proteins is selected from more than 10,000 proteins listed in the EVpedia database [150] and Vesiclepedia [151]