TABLE 1.

Sex differences in addiction to different classes of drugs^a

Drug	Species	Stage of Addiction Cycle
		Binge/Intoxication	Withdrawal/Negative Affect	Preoccupation/Anticipation
Alcohol	Humans	• Escalation of use F > M (qualitative)	• Negative affect F > M (qualitative)	• Stress or anxiety-induced relapse F > M (qualitative)
		• Amount of intake M > F (quantitative)
		• Incidence M > F (population)
	Rodents	• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative)	• Withdrawal symptoms M > F (quantitative)	• Stress-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative)
		• In some studies intake does not differ F = M
Cocaine	Humans	• Escalation of use F > M (qualitative)	• Negative affect F > M (qualitative)	• Stress-induced relapse F > M (qualitative)
		• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative)		• Cue-induced relapse F > M (qualitative)
		• Incidence M > F (population)		• Cue-induced craving F > M (qualitative)
	Rodents	• Escalation of use F > M (qualitative)	• Withdrawal symptoms F > M (quantitative)	• Stress-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative)
		• Amount of intake and motivation F > M (quantitative)		• Cue-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative)
		• Incidence F > M (population)
Opiates	Humans	• Incidence M > F (population)
	Rodents	• Reward/conditioned place preference F > M (quantitative)	• Symptoms/duration of symptoms M > F (quantitative)
		• Acquisition of self-administration F faster than M (qualitative)	• Acoustic startle as withdrawal index M = F (quantitative)
		• Motivation F > M (quantitative)
Nicotine	Humans	• Stress promotes initiation in women (qualitative)	• Negative affect F > M (qualitative)	• Higher cortisol predicts relapse in women (qualitative)
		• Women acquire self-administration at lower doses than men (quantitative)		• Lower cortisol and craving predict relapse in men (qualitative)
		• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative)		• Stress promotes relapse in women (qualitative)
	Rodents	• Stress promotes initiation in females and not males (qualitative)	• Stress and anxiety F > M (quantitative)	• No sex difference in stress-induced reinstatement
			• Greater physical signs of withdrawal F > M (quantitative)	• Stress promotes relapse in females (qualitative)
Cannabinoids	Humans	• Women report enhanced subjective ratings in response to smoked cannabis and progress from use to disordered use more rapidly than men (qualitative)
	Rodents	• F acquire faster than M (quantitative)	• Anxiogenic symptoms F > M (qualitative); Anxiolytic symptoms M > F (qualitative); No sex differences in precipitated withdrawal	• Cue-induced reinstatement F > M (qualitative)
		• Amount of intake F > M (quantitative)

^aFor summarizing information presented in this article, see text for references.