FIGURE 8.

Docking of esfenvalerate in the PyR1 site of the K_v1.2-based models of AaNa_v1-1. The isopropyl moiety binds in the IIL45-IIS5 kink region that accommodates the dimethyl-cyclopropyl group of pyrethroids. The 4-chlorphenyl moiety binds in the interface between IIL45/IIIS6 similarly to the same group of DDT, where it interacts with the esfenvalerate-sensing residue Phe³ⁱ¹⁷ (30) as well as with Met^2k11 whose substitution is identified as the super-kdr mutation that increases resistance of the housefly sodium channel to esfenvalerate by 170-fold (29).